Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
WINDSOR
UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL
SCHOOLOF
OFMEDICINE
MEDICINE
HOMEOSTATIC
HOMEOSTATIC
REGULATION
REGULATION
Dr.Vishal
Dr.Vishal
Surender.MD.
Surender.MD.
Learning Objectives
Definition of physiology
Review of organ systems
Explain homeostasis
Discuss the relationship between external and
internal environments
List the main body fluid compartments, their
constituents and their relationship to each other
Define equilibrium and steady state
Give examples of homeostatic mechanisms
Explain negative feedback
Define controlled variable, sensor, comparitor and
set point and give examples of each in a negative
feedback loop
Discuss factors that may change set points
Define redundancy and hierarchy with respect to
hemoestatic control mechanisms
Explain positive feedback
Physiology defined
Organisms
Organ
(Human body)
Organssystems
Tissues
Cells
4
Organ Systems in Review
Integumentary
Musculoskeletal
Respiratory
Digestive
Reproductive and Urinary
Circulatory
Nervous and Endocrine
Immune
Organ Systems in Review
The integration between systems of the body
Body Fluid Compartments
Average Total Liters of Fluid-40(60%)
20%
Interstitial Fluid; 11
Plasma; 3
Intracellular Fluid; 28
Compartments and their
Relationship
Blood Plasma Interstitial Intracellular
3L 11 L 28 L
Transcellular
1L
The Basis of
Physiological Regulatio
A Stable Internal
Environment Is Essen
for Normal Cell Funct
Environments
Variable Outside Inside
Temperature -10 and +40 C 37 C
PO2 160 mm Hg PaO2 95 mm Hg
PCO2 0.23 mm Hg 40 mm Hg
pH ?/variable pH 7.4
.
stability of the internal environment is the
primary condition for a free and independent
existence-By controlling its internal environment the
organism is no longer at the mercy of the environment .
To summarize:
Homeostasis is the
maintenance of a steady state
of the internal environment of
the body.
Body Fluid Constituents
Plasma Interstitial Cellular
Successful
compensation
Homeostasis
reestablished
Failure to compensate
Pathophysiology
Illness
Death
13
Feedback( flow of information along a closed
loop ) Negative or Positive
Controlled Variable
Sensor
Comparator, set point
Effectors
Blood Pressure Regulation
Baroreceptor Brain
Blood Loss
(sensor) (comparitor)
Cardiovascular
control
center compares
BP to
Vasoconstriction set point and
Blood Pressure Cardiac Output adjusts
(controlled variable) (effectors) vascular tone and
cardiac output
accordingly
Blood Glucose -ve Feedback
-cell
Variable Insulin
Blood Glucose secretion
Glucose -cell
Cells
Cutaneous Blood Vessels
Anticipation of exercise and during exercise
Sympathetic outflow increases
to maintain blood pressure
Cutaneous Blood Vessels
Anticipation of strenous exercise
Sympathetic outflow increases
to maintain blood pressure
Contraction
oxytocin
Feed-forward Control
Anticipation of change gets body ready
for change
e.g. heart rate and ventilation can
increase even before exercise begins
Or salivation and digestive enzyme
production begins before a meal is eaten
Redundancy
Homeostatic mechanisms are important
therefore often there is more than 1 control
mechanism
If 1 mechanism fails then there is a backup
system (e.g. ATP/adenosine in airway surface
liquid secretion or control of cutaneous blood
vessels by both cardiovascular control center
and temperature control center)
Or blood pressure (next slide)
Hypovolemic Shock
B.P. falls
Angiotensinogen
in blood
Activity drop
LUNG Aldosterone
Inc.
Inc. vasc. resistance
Inc. volume B.P.
Summary I
Homeostasis maintenance of a stable
internal environment
Steady state unchanging with time
Equilibrium when parameters are
maintained in an energetically favorable
situation
Redundancy more than 1 system to
control a variable (backup systems)
Summary II
Negative feedback feedback causes a
perturbation to be minimized or reversed
with view to keeping parameter at a set
point
Positive feedback amplification of a
deviation (usually defined end point)