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What is a fungus?
A eukaryotic, heterotrophic organism devoid of chlorophyll that obtains its nutrients by absorption, and reproduces by spores.
Modes of nutrition
Plants=autotrophs
Cylindrical, branching filaments composed of a tubular cell wall filled with cytoplasm and organelles Most fungal hyphae are 2-10 m diameter
http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/hairpen.htm
Structural components:
chitin microfibrils [(1-4)-linked polymer of N-acetylglucosamine] chitosan in Zygomycota [(1-4)-linked polymer of glucosamine] -linked glucans Mannoproteins (form matrix throughout wall)
Gel-like components:
Antigenic glycoproteins, agglutinans, adhesionson cell wall surface Melaninsdark brown to black pigments (confer resistance to enzyme lysis,
confer mechanical strength and protect cells from UV light, solar radiation and desiccation)
Plasma membranesemi-permeable
Septa
Septaregular cross-walls formed in hyphae. Hyphae with septa are septate, those lacking septa except to delimit reproductive structures and aging hyphae are called aseptate or coenocytic.
primary septa are formed as a process of hyphal extension and generally have a septal pore, which allows for cytoplasmic and organelle movement. Secondary or adventitious septa are imperforate, formed to wall off ageing parts of the mycelium.
Septal pores--Ascomycota
Woronin bodies
Septal pores--Basidiomycota
Fungal nuclei
1--3 m diam 3--40 chromosomes Up to 13--40 Mb (million base pairs) DNA coding for 6,000 to 13,000 genes Intranuclear division--nuclear envelope remains intact during mitosis (unlike plants and animals)
Organism
Escherichia coli
# bp
4,600,000
# genes
4288
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
13,000,000
5885
Caenorhabditis elegans
~100,000,000
~14,000
Arabidopsis thaliana
~120,000,000
~10,000
Drosophila melanogaster
~170,000,000
~12,000
humans
~3,400,000,000
~80,000
Tree of eukaryotes, showing variation in genome size. From Keeling and Slamovits (2005). Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 15: 601-608
Small genome relative to other eukaryotes Many fungal genes are homologous to those in other eukaryotes Easy to grow, short life cycles Haploid genomes amenable to mutation Sexual stage for analysis of segregation and recombination of genes; all products of meiosis can be retrieved in haploid spores Asexual (clonal) reproduction
Using the common bread mold Neurospora crassa, in 1941 developed the classic concept of one gene, one enzyme Awarded Nobel Prize in 1945
Fungal nuclei
Usually haploid Nuclear membrane persists during division Nuclear associated organelles (NAOs):
Associated with the nuclear envelope; function as microtubule-organizing centers during mitosis and meiosis
In fungi that lack a flagellated stage in lifecycle In fungi and other organisms possessing flagellated stage in lifecycle
Centrioles
Other organelles
Mitochondriaflattened or plate-like mitochondrial cristae in Fungi (similar to animals) Golgi bodiesconsist of a single, tubular cisternal element (stacked, plate-like cisternae in animals and plants) Other types:
ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, lipid bodies, glycogen storage particles, microbodies, microtubules, vesicles
Storage Compounds
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Fungal Reproduction
Many fungi have the ability to reproduce by asexual and sexual means
Fungal reproduction
Mitospore=spore formed via asexual reproduction (mitosis), commonly called a conidium or sporangiospore Meiospore=spore formed via sexual reproduction (e.g., resulting from meiosis), type of spore varies by phylum
Kingdom Fungi
Phyla:
Chytridiomycota
Form motile spores called zoospores Meiosis occurs in resting sporangium Form spores containing hundreds of nuclei; no known sexual reproduction Form asexual spores called sporangiospores Meiosis occurs in zygospore Form asexual spores called conidia Meiosis occurs in ascus Meiosis occurs in basidium
Glomeromycota
Zygomycota
Basidiomycota
Asexual and sexual reproduction may be separated in time and space The holomorph is the entire fungus including asexual and sexual stages if both are formed
The vegetative thallus predominates in the life cycle of a fungus The thallus may be haploid (1n), dikaryotic (n+n) or diploid (2n) in different groups of fungi Ploidy of thallus is determined by the timing of these events in the life cycle:
n n+n Plasmogamy
2n Meiosis
n+n 2n Karyogamy
n+n 2n Karyogamy
n+n
2n n Meiosis
Plasmogamy
2n n Meiosis
n+n
2n
n n+n Plasmogamy
Karyogamy