Probability for GRE (Level 4-5) / Quantum CAT (Level 2) / GMAT

General GRE Online Class By: Satyadhar Joshi

http://www.freegregmatclass.com/

Content
Introduction to Probability

Syllabus
Type of questions Practice questions Conclusion References

Areas of Math often tested

Statistics (mean, mode, SD, range, ND, graphical representation of ND) Quadratic equations (roots, type of roots, number of roots, positive and negative roots, etc.) Series (AP, GP, series definition, nth term of a series, etc.) Number theories (divisors, remainders, GCD, LCM, prime factors, number line, etc.) Probability (counting principle, basic probability, coin and die tossing, arrangements, etc.) Speed and work problems (relation between speed, distance and time, rule of 3, rule of 5, etc.) Some other concepts (ratios, inequalities, etc.)

Introduction
We would be solving questions on probability

from various sources The toughest possible question will be solved Target questions are 20-30 for the class with explanation and discussion Most comprehensive coverage and CAT level questions All of three Exams easily covered To get the list of question check my uploads or contact me at shivgan3@yahoo.com

Example: Flipping a coin

Whats the probability of getting heads when flipping a coin? Ans: There is only one way to get heads in a coin toss. Hence, the top of the probability fraction is 1. There are two possible results: heads or tails. Forming the probability fraction gives 1/2.
Example: Tossing a die Whats the probability of getting a 3 when tossing a die? Ans: A die (a cube) has six faces, numbered 1 through 6. There is only one way to get a 3. Hence, the top of the fraction is 1. There are 6 possible results: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Forming the probability fraction gives 1/6. Example: Drawing a card from a deck Whats the probability of getting a king when drawing a card from a deck of cards? Ans: A deck of cards has four kings, so there are 4 ways to get a king. Hence, the top of the fraction is 4. There are 52 total cards in a deck. Forming the probability fraction gives 4/52, which reduces to 1/13. Hence, there is 1 chance in 13 of getting a king. Example: Drawing marbles from a bowl Whats the probability of drawing a blue marble from a bowl containing 4 red marbles, 5 blue marbles, and 5 green marbles? Ans: There are five ways of drawing a blue marble. Hence, the top of the fraction is 5. There are 14 (= 4 + 5 + 5)possible results. Forming the probability fraction gives 5/14.

Important Information you need to know

Chess board is 8*8, selection of any block will

use C Leap year has 366 days, and has 52 full weeks and 2 extra days Considering things in one Conditional probability in drawing

Low scoring vs. High scoring exam

Reduction of a problem in the closest option

(CAT) Taking a go when you have more than 50% (not recommended for GMAT and GRE because the questions are easy)

Permutation
Permutation: In mathematics, the notion of

permutation is used with several slightly different meanings, all related to the act of permuting (rearranging in an ordered fashion) objects or values. Informally, a permutation of a set of objects is an arrangement of those objects into a particular order. There are six permutations of the set {1,2,3}, namely [1,2,3], [1,3,2], [2,1,3], [2,3,1], [3,1,2], and [3,2,1].

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation

Combination
In mathematics a combination is a way of

selecting several things out of a larger group, where (unlike permutations) order does not matter. In smaller cases it is possible to count the number of combinations. For example given three fruit, an apple, orange and pear say, there are three combinations of two that can be drawn from this set: an apple and a pear; an apple and an orange; or a pear and an orange.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination

Axiomatic Approach to Probability Theorem

Definition The sample space, denoted by , is the collection or totality of all possible outcomes of a conceptual experiment. Toss of a coin twice : = {HH, HT, TH, TT} Definition An event, is a subset of the sample space. The class of all events associated with a given experiment is defined to be the event space. We http://myweb.polyu.edu.hk/~majlee/AMA372/lec1_ usually denote the event space by F. 4.pdf http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Probability/Introduction#Axiomatic_probability_theor
y http://www.tutornext.com/axiomatic-approach-some-theorems-

Conditional Probability
Conditional probability is the probability of

some event A, given the occurrence of some other event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B), and is read "the (conditional) probability of A, given B" or "the probability of A under the condition B". When in a random experiment the event B is known to have occurred, the possible outcomes of the experiment are reduced to B, and hence the probability of the occurrence of A is changed from the unconditional probability into http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/Ch the conditional probability given B.
apter4.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probabil ity http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability

Multiplication Theorem
The multiplication theorem is used to answer the following questions: What is the probability of two or more events occurring either simultaneously or in succession? For two events A and B: What is the probability of event A and event B occurring? The individual probability values are simply multiplied to arrive at the answer. The word and is the key word that indicates multiplication of the individual probabilities. The multiplication theorem is applicable only if the events are independent. It is not valid when dealing with conditional events. The product of two or more probability values yields the intersection or common area of the probabilities. Mutually exclusive events do not have an intersection or common area. The probability of two or more mutually exclusive events is always zero.
http://cqeweb.com/previews/chapter3_preview.pdf

Binomial Theorem in Probability

A binomial experiment is one that possesses the following properties: 1. The experiment consists of n repeated trials; 2. Each trial results in an outcome that may be classified as a success or a failure (hence the name, binomial); 3. The probability of a success, denoted by p, remains constant from trial to trial and repeated trials are independent. The number of successes X in n trials of a binomial experiment is called a binomial random variable. The probability distribution of the random variable X is called a binomial distribution, and is given by the formula: P(X) = Cnxpxqnx where Cnx is a combination
http://www.amscopub.com/%5Cimages%5Cfile%5CFile_671

In mathematics a combination is a way of selecting several things out of a larger group, where (unlike permutations) order does not matter. In smaller cases it is possible to count the number of combinations. For example given three fruit, an apple, orange and pear say, there are three combinations of two that can be drawn from this set: an apple and a pear; an apple and an orange; or a pear and an orange. More formally a kcombination of a set S is a subset of k distinct elements of S. If the set has n elements the number of kcombinations is equal to the binomial coefficient

which can be written using factorials as whenever , and which is zero when k > n.

Bayes Theorem
Thomas Bayes addressed both the case of discrete probability distributions of data and the more complicated case of continuous probability distributions. In the discrete case, Bayes' theorem relates the conditional and marginal probabilities of events A and B, provided that the probability of B does not equal zero:

In Bayes' theorem, each probability has a conventional name:

P(A) is the prior probability (or "unconditional" or "marginal" probability) of A. It is "prior" in the sense that it does not take into account any information about B; however, the event B need not occur after event A. In the nineteenth century, the unconditional probability P(A) in Bayes's rule was called the "antecedent" probability;[3] in deductive logic, the antecedent set of propositions and the inference rule imply consequences. The unconditional probability P(A) was called "a priori" by Ronald A. Fisher. P(A|B) is the conditional probability of A, given B. It is also called the posterior probability because it is derived from or depends upon the specified value of B. P(B|A) is the conditional probability of B given A. It is also called the likelihood. P(B) is the prior or marginal probability of B, and acts as a normalizing constant.

Conditional Probability

Conditional probability is the probability of some event A, given the occurrence of some other event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B), and is read "the probability of A, given B". It is defined by

If P(B) = 0 then

is undefined.

Addition Rule for Probability

If either event A or event B or both events occur on a single performance of an experiment this is called the union of the events A and B denoted as two events are mutually exclusive then the probability of either occurring is . If

For example, the chance of rolling a 1 or 2 on a six-sided die is

If the events are not mutually exclusive then

For example, when drawing a single card at random from a regular deck of cards, the chance of getting a heart or a face card (J,Q,K) (or one that is both) is , because of the 52 cards of a deck 13 are hearts, 12 are face cards, and 3 are both: here the possibilities included in the "3 that are both" are included in each of the "13 hearts" and the "12 face cards" but should only be counted once.

Questions A
Quantum CAT Level 2

type question (similar questions with different data and language)

Questions B
GRE Nova Math

Bible (similar questions with different data and language) (Buy the book which is requisite for this class at http://novapress. net/) Without getting this book you are not supposed to land in my class

Conclusion
All problems of all level illustrated

Helpful in all major exams

Email me at shivgan3@yahoo.com for any doubts Do register for future classes http://onlineclasses.nanotechbiz.org/

Getting Details about my future Classes

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References
GRE Math Bible Nova

GMAT Nova Bible

Arihant Quantum CAT For Admission into IIMs Quantitative CAT Arun Sharma, TMH