Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
丁玉强
Lab of Neural Development
ION
Email: dingyq@ion.ac.cn
Phone: 54921773
Main contents
• In situ hybridization (distribution of
mRNA)
• Neural tracing (retrograde and
anterograde)
• General approaches to analyses phenotype
in KO mice (CNS)
Main contents
• In situ hybridization (distribution of mRNA)
• Neural tracing (retrograde and anterograde)
• General approaches to analyses phenotype
in KO mice (CNS)
Why do we need in situ
hybridization?
Cellular localization of the interested genes
(Southern blot)
Distributions of mRNA (ISH) and protein
(IHC) may differ
Advantages compared with IHC
• Any interested genes, and save
time
– Takes time to make specific antibody,
especially when you caught a new gene
– Antibodies against mouse and other
species are very limited
Disadvantages compared with
IHC
• Keep in mind, localizations of mRNA and
functional sites (protein) may differ
– e.g. when study functional site of a receptor, you
need to get antibody
• Procedures are more complicated than IHC
– Two days vs 34 days
– Making probes also takes time—but it is not hard
Disadvantages compared with
IHC
• It is not convenient to do double in situ,
or a combination with IHC, although it
is practicable.
– Note: in a combination with IHC, do ISH
first
Probes
Two major:
– RNA probe
– DNA probe (Oligonucleiotide)
• SpecificityRNA
• SensitivityRNA
• S/NRNA
• ComplexityRNA (DNA is simple)
Labeling of probe:
Nonradioactive Digoxygenin ( 地高辛 )
Radioactive35S
Probe sequence selection and
primer design
RNA probe
• Using the cDNA sequence not the genome
sequence
• Blast the sequence and select the specific
region for the interested genes
• Length: 3001000bp; >1kb need to hydrolyze
• Design primers (> 19nt)
Procedure for construction of vectors
Mouse Brain
TTTTTTTTTTTT
First Strand cDNA
PCR
Specific Primer/F
First Strand cDNA
Specific Primer/R
Specific Amplication
A
A PCR product
T7 SP6
Of course, you can use other vectors, such as pBluescrip
In vitro transcription
Restriction site
T7 Antisense SP6
DNA construct
T7 Antisense SP6
RNA transcripts
In situ hybridization
Probe Preparation
Exactly follow the protocols unless you are
a superman in this!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1. Cut between 20 µg of miniprep quality
plasmid DNA with a fivefold excess of an
appropriate restriction enzyme for 2 hs.
Check digestion on minigel.
2. Extract cut template in an equal volume of 50
: 48 : 2 phenol : chloroform : isoamyl alcohol.
Spin down, transfer the upper layer to a fresh
tube and extract with chloroform : isoamyl
alcohol.
3. Precipitate upper layer with 1/9 volume of
3M NaOAc and 2 volume ethanol at‑80°C.
Spin down at 4°C for 15 min. Wash pellet
with 70% EtOH and spin again. Resuspend
pellet in 20µl of RNAsefree TE, and store at
4°C until required.
Write down the concentration, date, and
owner on the tube
4. Set up the following reaction in 50µl total volume:
5x Stratagene synthesis buffer 10µl
0.1M DTT (RNAase free) 5µl
10mM NTPs/digoxygeninUTP 2.5µl
RNAsin 0.25µl (10 units)
RNA polymerase (T3, T7 or Sp6) 4.5µl (90
units)
DNA template 2.5µg
RNAse freewater (Not DEPC water) to 50µl
Incubate at 37°C for 2 hours.
5. Remove 2µl for minigel sample. Add 20
units of RNAsefree DNAse and continue
incubation for a further 10 min at 37°C.
Remove a second 2µl sample and check that
DNA has been degraded on a minigel
6. Add 52µl of 'Stop' buffer to the reaction
7. Transfer the purified probe to a clean tube.
Add 1/9 volume of 3M NaOAc, pH4.8 and 2
volumes of ethanol. Precipitate at 80°C for
10 minutes. Spin down at 4°C for 15 min,
wash the pellet in 95% EtOH/5% DEPC
water and spin again for 5 min
8. Resuspend the pellet in 50µl of an RNAse
free solution of 40mM NaHCO3 / 60mM
Na2CO3. Remove a 1µl sample for OD260
measurement. Incubate at 60°C for 35
minutes to hydrolyse the probe into small
fragments (between 200300 bp). 35 minutes
works fine for a 1kb probe.
The amount of time, t , for hydrolysis in 40mM NaHCO3 / 60mM
Na2CO3 at 60°C is given by:
(Starting length, kb) (Desired length, kb)
t = —————————————————————
(0.11) (Starting length, kb) (Desired length, kb)
Principles of In situ
procedures
• All reagents and mailers must be RNAse
free during pre and hybridization
– Treat all containers (forceps) with DEPC water
– Wear gloves always
– Alternatively, use RNAsefree slides coated with
TESTA. Details of how to prepare TESTA coated slides
are in the Appendix
A: PreTreatment of Sections
• 1. Warm slides to RT and dry at 50°C for 15 min.
• 2. Fix in 4% PFA in DEPCPBS at RT for 20 min.
• 3. Wash twice in DEPCPBS at RT for 5 min.
• 4. Treat slides with 50µg/ml Proteinase K in PK
buffer at RT for between 815 min depending on
the age of the embryo.
– Determine yourselfConcentration or digestion time
• 5. Wash once in DEPCPBS at RT for 5 min.
Fix in 4% PFA in DEPCPBS for 15 min
• 6. Rinse once in DEPCwater
• 7. Acetylation. Place slides in an RNAsefree
glass trough with a stir bar. Add 250ml 0.1M
RNAsefree triethanolamine( 三乙醇胺 )HCl
pH 8.0. Add 0.625ml acetic anhydride with
constant stirring. Turn off stirrer when the
acetic anhydride ( 醋酸酐 ) is dispersed and
leave for a further 10 min. (Note: Most probes like
this, but some do not)
• 8. Wash slides in DEPCPBS at RT for 5 min.
• 9. Hybridization: Prehybridise for 34 hs at
60°C. Replace with 12µg/ml of probe and
continue incubation for a further 1216 hs.
These steps should be performed in the
hybridization oven, not the regular 60°C
oven, as the latter does not maintain its
temperature well.
B: Washing Steps
Note: 1. After hybridisation, it is not necessary
to use RNAsefree buffers and containers; 2.
Make sure real temperature of SSC solution
is 60°C
1. Place slides in a trough (a big container) with
a stir bar. Wash in 1xSSC at 60°C for 10 min
2. Wash in 1.5xSSC at 60°C for 10 min, and then
cool slides to 37°C
3. Wash twice in 2xSSC at 37°C for 20 min each.
4. Treat with 0.1µg/ml RNAse A in 2xSSC at
37°C for 30 min (remove unbound probe)
5. Wash in 2xSSC at RT for 10 min
6. Wash twice in 0.2xSSC at 60°C for 30 min each
Note: 0.2xSSC is vital to reduce background
7. Wash once in 0.2xSSC at RT for 15 min
8. Wash once in PBT for 15 min
9. Incubate slides in 4% normal sheep serum in PBT
for several hr at RT (blocking)
C: Antibody Visualisation of
Digoxygenin
1. Incubate slides with (preabsorbed) anti
digoxygenin antibody (alkaline phosphatase
(AP)coupled; 1:2000) in 4% sheep serum in
PBT at 4°C overnight
2. Wash three times in PBT at RT for 30 min
each
3. Wash twice in Alkaline Phosphatase buffer at RT
for 5 minutes each.
4. Visualization: For every ml of AP buffer, add
1µl of NBT and 3.5µl of BCIP, and develop in
the dark for between 220 hours
Note: Since the AP enzyme is very stable, it is possible to
wash out the NBT/BCIP, replace with AP buffer, and to
continue the reaction at a later time
5. Wash twice in PBS to remove substrates
Note: many crystals may exist in the section, so check the
sections under microscopy
6. Fix slides in 4% PFA for at least 15 min at RT.
Mount slides in glycerol/PBS.
Note: Fix NBT/BCIP precipitate, because background may
come dark
For
Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization
In Situ Hybridization on Cultured Cells
Basically the same
Please see the protocols in Word file
Main contents
• In situ hybridization
• Neural tracing (retrograde and anterograde)
– A brief introduction
• General approaches to analyses phenotype
in KO mice (CNS)
Neural tracing
Take the advantages of:
a. Axonal flows
Retrograde and anterograde
b. Membrane can take up (endocytosis)
tracers by receptors or by a nonspecific
manner
Wellused tracers
• HRP( 辣根过氧化物酶 ) and WGAHRP
Both antero and
retrograde manners
Transganglionic labeling
EM
Combination with ISH
• BDA (Biotinylated Dextran Amine; 结合生物素的葡
聚糖胺 )
– Both anterograde
and retrograde
– Easy to handle
– Reveals fine axon
terminals and
dendrites
– EM
– Anterograde
– Visualization with IHC
Main contents
• In situ hybridization
• Neural tracing (retrograde and anterograde)
– A brief introduction
• General approaches to analyse phenotypes
in KO mice (CNS)
Several aspects before you start
– Possible categories of the genes
•Transcription factor? Receptor?
Intracelluar kinase?
– Possible functions of the genes
•Axonal guidance cue? Migration?
Differentiation? cell fate determination?
Projection?
Step 1
Temporospatial Expression
patters of the genes
• Where:
– Localization
• Regions?
– Subpopulation
• Subtypes?
• Neurons or glia?
• Postmitotic vs
proliferating?
• When:
– Earliest stage?
– Time point at which expression pattern
changes?
– Transient or persistent?
One more example of further defining
subtypes of the interested genes
Step 2
Earliest stage detected
morphological changes
Purpose of KO:
Gene’s function
Mechanisms
Molecular events
occur earlier
Step 3
Possible causality
between inactivation of gene
and phenotype
• 1. Expression of genes that have possible association
with the phenotype, and other approaches
• 2. Think about how LOF makes the defects happens
• 3. Test your hypothesis
– GOF
– In vitro assay
• 4. Make a story
Gene expression profiles in the mutant
GOF to test the hypothesis
• Collection of the data you got, and
draw a conclusion
– DCC is essential for ventral
migration of earlyborn spinal
interneuron during spinal cord
development
• Submit your paper
– Choose one you like most:
•Cell, Nature, Science, or….
• Wait for commentsrevise (add more
data)and send back
• publish
• Get your degree
• Continue your research career, go
abroad to learn more
• A PI position is waiting for you