Chapter 8

Solutions

Properties of Water
Solutions

LecturePLUS Timberlake 1
Predict the % water in the following
foods

LecturePLUS Timberlake 2
Predict the % water in the following
foods

88% water

94% water

85% water

86% water
LecturePLUS Timberlake 3
 Water in the Body

water gain water loss

liquids 1000 mL urine 1500 mL
food 1200 mL perspiring 300 mL
cells 300 mL exhaling 600 mL
feces 100 mL
Calculate the total water gain and water loss
Total ______ mL _____ mL
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 Water
Most common solvent
A polar molecule

Oδ -
a hydrogen bond

Hδ +
Hδ +
LecturePLUS Timberlake 5
Hydrogen Bonds Attract Polar
Water Molecules

LecturePLUS Timberlake 6
 Explore:
Surface Tension
 Fill a glass to the brim with water
 How many pennies can you add to the
glass without causing any water to run
over?
Predict _________________
Actual _________________
 Explain your results

LecturePLUS Timberlake 7
 Explore

1. Place some water on a waxy surface. Why

do drops form?

2. Carefully place a needle on the surface of

water. Why does it float? What happens if
you push it through the water surface?

3. Sprinkle pepper on water. What does it

do? Add a drop of soap. What happens?
LecturePLUS Timberlake 8
 Surface Tension

Water molecules within water hydrogen

bond in all directions
Water molecules at surface cannot hydrogen
bond above the surface, pulled inward
Water surface behaves like a thin, elastic
membrane or “skin”
Surfactants (detergents) undo hydrogen
bonding
LecturePLUS Timberlake 9
 Solute and Solvent

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of

two or more substances

Solute
The substance in the lesser amount
Solvent
The substance in the greater amount
LecturePLUS Timberlake 10
 Nature of Solutes in Solutions

Spread evenly throughout the solution

Cannot be separated by filtration
Can be separated by evaporation
Not visible, solution appears transparent
May give a color to the solution

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 Types of Solutions

air O2 gas and N2 gas gas/gas

soda CO2 gas in water gas/liquid

seawater NaCl in water solid/liquid

brass copper and zinc solid/solid

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 Discussion

Give examples of some solutions

and explain why they are solutions.

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 Learning Check SF1

(1) element (2) compound (3) solution

A. water 1 2 3
B. sugar 1 2 3
C. salt water 1 2 3
D. air 1 2 3
E. tea 1 2 3
LecturePLUS Timberlake 14
 Solution SF1

(1) element (2) compound (3) solution

A. water 2
B. sugar 2
C. salt water 3
D. air 3
E. tea 3
LecturePLUS Timberlake 15
 Learning Check SF2

Identify the solute and the solvent.

A. brass: 20 g zinc + 50 g copper

solute = 1) zinc 2) copper
solvent = 1) zinc 2) copper

B. 100 g H2O + 5 g KCl

solute = 1) KCl 2) H2O
solvent = 1) KCl
LecturePLUS Timberlake
2) H 2 O 16
 Solution SF2

A. brass: 20 g zinc + 50 g copper

solute = 1) zinc
solvent = 2) copper

B. 100 g H2O + 5 g KCl

solute = 1) KCl
solvent = 2) H2O
LecturePLUS Timberlake 17
 Learning Check SF3
Identify the solute in each of the following
solutions:
A. 2 g sugar (1) + 100 mL water (2)
B. 60.0 mL ethyl alcohol(1) and 30.0 mL
of methyl alcohol (2)
C. 55.0 mL water (1) and 1.50 g NaCl (2)
D. Air: 200 mL O2 (1) + 800 mL N2 (2)
LecturePLUS Timberlake 18
 Solution SF3
Identify the solute in each of the following
solutions:
A. 2 g sugar (1)
B. 30.0 mL of methyl alcohol (2)
C. 50 g NaCl (2)
D. 200 mL O2 (1)

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 Like dissolves like

A ____________ solvent such as water is

needed to dissolve polar solutes such as
sugar and ionic solutes such as NaCl.

A ___________solvent such as hexane

(C6H14) is needed to dissolve nonpolar
solutes such as oil or grease.
LecturePLUS Timberlake 20
 Learning Check SF4

Which of the following solutes will

dissolve in water? Why?
1) Na2SO4
2) gasoline
3) I2
4) HCl

LecturePLUS Timberlake 21
 Solution SF4

Which of the following solutes will

dissolve in water? Why?
1) Na2SO4 Yes, polar (ionic)
2) gasoline No, nonnpolar
3) I2 No, nonpolar
4) HCl Yes, Polar

LecturePLUS Timberlake 22
Formation of a Solution

H2O Hydration
Na +

Cl- Na+
H O Cl - Dissolved
Na+ Cl- 2
solute
solute
LecturePLUS Timberlake 23
 Writing An Equation for a
Solution
When NaCl(s) dissolves in water, the
reaction can be written as

H 2O
NaCl(s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

solid separation of ions in water

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 Learning Check SF5
Solid LiCl is added to some water. It
dissolves because
A. The Li+ ions are attracted to the
1) oxygen atom( δ-) of water
2) hydrogen atom(δ+) of water

B. The Cl- ions are attracted to the

1) oxygen atom( δ-) of water
2) hydrogen atom(δ+) of water
LecturePLUS Timberlake 25
 Solution SF5
Solid LiCl is added to some water. It
dissolves because
A. The Li+ ions are attracted to the
1) oxygen atom( δ-) of water

B. The Cl- ions are attracted to the

2) hydrogen atom(δ+) of water

LecturePLUS Timberlake 26
 Rate of Solution

You are making a chicken broth using a

bouillon cube. What are some things you
can do to make it dissolve faster?
 Crush it
 Use hot water (increase temperature)
 Stir it

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 Learning Check SF6

You need to dissolve some gelatin in

water. Indicate the effect of each of the
following on the rate at which the gelatin
dissolves as (1) increase, (2) decrease,
(3) no change
A. ___Heating the water
B. ___Using large pieces of gelatin
C. ___Stirring the solution
LecturePLUS Timberlake 28
 Learning Check SF6

You need to dissolve some gelatin in

water. Indicate the effect of each of the
following on the rate at which the gelatin
dissolves as (1) increase, (2) decrease,
(3) no change
A. 1 Heating the water
B. 2 Using large pieces of gelatin
C. 2 Stirring the solution
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