Heterotrophic Nutrition

By Abdul Manap Mahmud

Introduction
Definitions of heterotrophic on the Web: Refers to organisms, such as animals, that depend on preformed organic molecules from the environment (or another organism) as a source of nutrients/energy. www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossH.html

Requiring organic substrates for growth and development; being incapable of synthesizing required organic materials from inorganic sources. (20) ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/glossary/Defs_H.htm obtaining nourishment from organic substances, not from food produced within the organism. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/canwaters-eauxcan/bbb-lgb/librarybibliotheque/glossary-glossaire/index_e.asp
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Introduction
unable to derive energy from photosynthesis or from inorganic chemical reactions, and so dependent on energy-containing organic compounds derived from the current or prior existence of other organisms, cf. AUTOTROPHIC. www.mycolog.com/GLOSSARY.htm Describing consumers, organisms that cannot synthesize food from inorganic materials and therefore must use the bodies of other organisms as a source of energy and body-building materials.* biology.usgs.gov/s+t/noframe/z999.htm An organism incapable of producing organic compound from inorganic materials and thus must rely on other living or dead organisms for its food supply.www.botanyvt.com/pages/dictionary.shtml requiring ready formed organic food. gmbis.marinebiodiversity.ca/BayOfFundy/glossE-H.html

Source of Carbon

Source of Carbon

Source of Carbon
The concentration of carbon in living matter (18%) is almost 100 times greater than its concentration in the earth (0.19%). So living things extract carbon from their nonliving environment. For life to continue, this carbon must be recycled.
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Source of Carbon
Carbon exists in the nonliving environment as: Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and dissolved in water (forming HCO3) Carbonate rocks (limestone and coral = CaCO3) Deposits of coal, petroleum, and natural gas derived from once-living things Dead organic matter, e.g., humus in the soil

Source of Carbon
Carbon enters the biotic world through the action of autotrophs: primarily photoautotrophs, like plants and algae, that use the energy of light to convert carbon dioxide to organic matter. and to a small extent, chemoautotrophs bacteria and archaeans that do the same but use the energy derived from an oxidation of molecules in their substrate.
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Source of Carbon
Carbon returns to the atmosphere and water by Respiration (as CO2) Burning Decay (producing CO2 if oxygen is present, methane (CH4) if it is not.
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Source of Carbon

Source of Carbon

Source of Carbon
Definitions of Chemoheterotroph on the Web: A chemoheterotroph is an organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Chemoheterotroph

Omnivores

Omnivores
Definitions of Omnivores on the Web: Animals that feed on material of both plant and animal origin www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/glossary.htm Animals that eat many different kinds of foods, including plants, insects, and other animals. www.nps.gov/olym/edgloss.htm Eats live prey and plants boxturtlesite.org/glos.html The category of animals that feed on both plants and animals. (omni-, all; -vore, eater) www.dfr.state.nc.us/stewardship/wwwildlife/www13.htm such as bears and humans, eat both meat and plants. www.teachervision.fen.com/page/5485.html

Omnivores are organisms that consume both plants and animals. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivores

Omnivores
Omnivores eat plants, but not all kinds of plants. Omnivores can't digest some of the substances in grains or other plants that do not produce fruit. They can eat fruits and vegetables, though. Some of the insect omnivores in this simulation are pollinators, which are very important to the life cycle of some kinds of plants.

Large Omnivores

Omnivores

Omnivores
Some animals dont fit neatly into a single category because they have wider tastes. These animals, that feed on a combination of plants and animals, are called Omnivores.

Carnivores

Carnivores
Definitions of carnivores on the Web: Term applied to a heterotroph, usually an animal, that eats other animals. Carnivores function as secondary, tertiary, or top consumers in food chains and food webs. www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee /BIOBK/BioBookglossC.html

Animals that feed on other animals or material of animal origin. www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/glossary.htm

Organisms that mainly prey upon animals. highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0070294267/student_view 0/glossary_a-d.html

Carnivores
Animals and a few plants that consume dead or living animal food. museum.gov.ns.ca/mnh/nature/nhns2/g lossary.htm carnivores feed strictly on meat www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow6/feb99/terms 1.html

The category of animals that prey or feed upon animals and insects. (carni-, flesh; vore-, eater) www.dfr.state.nc.us/stewardship/wwwil dlife/www13.htm
Meat eaters www.promotega.org/uga30006/Vocabul ary.htm

Carnivores
are flesh-eating animals, like lions. www.teachervision.fen.com/page/5485. html These are animals and mammals that eat other animals and mammals, also called flesh-eaters; see food chain www.recycle4schools.org.uk/ecodict_c. htm Animals that have meat as the main part of their diet. www.tictoc.co.uk/Phase3/Resource/glo ssary.html Carnivores are animals that eat a diet consisting mostly of meat. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivores

Symbiosis

Symbiosis
Definitions of symbiosis on the Web: A mutually beneficial association of two different kinds of organisms. www.planthealthcare.com/terms.html To live together; a condition in which two animals, two plants, or a plant and an animal live in partnership. The relationship can be that of commensalism, where one organism benefits from activities of the other; parasitism, where one organism lives on another to the detriment of its host; or mutualism, where both organisms benefit from the association. www.fish.washington.edu/naturemapping/mollusks/glossary.html

the living together of unlike organisms in a close, long-lasting association. www.anbg.gov.au/glossary/webpubl/lichglos.htm

Symbiosis
The intimate living together of two dissimilar organisms in a mutually beneficial relationship. www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php An interactive association between two or more species living together; may be parasitic, commensal, or mutualistic. The relationship between two organisms. www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBook glossS.html

An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct contact. nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Primates/glossary.cfm

Symbiosis
A mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms. www.powen.freeserve.co.uk/Reference/Glossary /gloss-s.htm A close, prolonged association between two or more different organisms of different species that may, but does not necessarily, benefit each member. www.freakinfucus.co.uk/primers/prm_gloss.htm

Symbiosis
Most of the interactions between species involve food: competing for the same food supply eating (predation) avoiding being eaten (avoiding predation)

Symbiosis
In symbiosis, at least one member of the pair benefits from the relationship. The other member may be injured = parasitism relatively unaffected ( = commensalism) may also benefit ( = mutualism).

Symbiosis
Mutualism Symbiotic relationships in which each species benefits are mutualistic. There are hundreds of examples of mutualism between a heterotroph and an alga.

Symbiosis
Paramecium bursaria is a ciliate that engulfs unicellular green algae into vacuoles within its cell.
The paramecium certainly benefits from the food synthesized by the alga. It can be cultured apart from the alga but then must be given extra food. The alga presumably benefits from the carbon dioxide produced by its host as well as the host's ability to transport it to a spot where there is ample light.

Symbiosis
Many other aquatic heterotrophs
sponges sea anemones planarians clams

also harbor algae within their cells.

Symbiosis
liberating toxins, for example,
Tetanus bacilli secrete tetanus toxin which interferes with synaptic transmission. Diphtheria bacilli secrete a toxin that inhibits protein synthesis by ribosomes.

The relationship between parasite and host varies along a spectrum that extends from

Symbiosis
Mutualistic relations between plants and fungi are very common. The fungus invades and lives in or among the cortex cells of the secondary roots. The association is called a mycorrhiza.

Symbiosis
The fungus helps the host plant absorb inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil. Some mycorrhizal fungi also secrete antibiotics which may help protect their host from invasion by parasitic fungi and bacteria.

Symbiosis
Many mushrooms are the spore-forming bodies of mycorrhizal fungi. The truffle [View] is often found in oak forests because the fungus that produces it establishes mycorrhiza on oak roots.

Symbiosis
Parasitism A parasite is an organism that lives on or in the body of another organism (the host) from whose tissues it gets its nourishment, and to whom it does some damage

Symbiosis
"hit and run" parasites that live in their host for a brief period and then move on to another with or without killing the first to parasites that establish chronic infections. Both parasite and host must evolve to ensure the survival of both because if the parasite kills its host before it can move on, it destroys its own meal ticket. Link to further discussion.

Symbiosis
Animals are parasitized by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, flatworms (tapeworms and flukes), nematodes, insects (fleas, lice), and arachnids (mites). Plants are parasitized by viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and a few other plants. Parasites damage their host in two major ways: consuming its tissues, e.g., hookworms

Symbiosis
Commensalism A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is not affected. www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossC.html Commensalism is a situation in which two organisms are associated in a relationship in which one benefits from the relationship and the other is not affected much. The two animals are called commensals. An example pf commensalism is vermiliads (plants living on trees in rainforests) and frogs; the frogs get shelter and water from the vermiliad but the vermiliad is unaffected. Commensalism is a type of symbiosis. COMPANION CELL A companion cell is a type of cell that pumps nutrients (sugars) into phloem cells. www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/glossary/indexc.shtml

When two organisms coexist, one organism benefits, the other is not affected. www.alken-murray.com/glossarybug.html

Symbiosis
A symbiotic relationship in which one member is benefited and the second is neither harmed nor benefited. highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070294267/student_view0/glossary_ad.html A form of symbiosis in which only one of the animals benefits from the relationship. www.reefed.edu.au/glossary/c.html One organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefits. Example: Moss growing on trees benefits by being raised above the forest floor competition, while the tree doesn't get anything out of the deal either way. www.nps.gov/olym/edgloss.htm The interaction of two or more dissimilar organisms where the association is advantageous to one without

Symbiosis
Definitions of Amensalism on the Web: An inter-organism interaction in which one organism negatively impacts another organism without receiving any direct benefit itself. www.sustainableag.net/glossary_a-d.htm A type of symbiotic relationship in which one of the partners in the interaction is inhibited and the other is unaffected. www.pestmanagement.co.uk/lib/glossary/glossary_a.shtml Amensalism is an interaction between two species where one impedes or restricts the success of the other while not being affected, positively or negatively, by the presence of the other. Usually this occurs when one organism exudes as part of its normal metabolism a chemical compound detrimental to another organism. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amensalism

Feeding Mechanism

Feeding Mechanism
Definitions of Filter feeding on the Web:

Straining food particles from water that is pumped through or over a gill surface. www.seagrant.wisc.edu/outreach/nis/Attack_Pack/Fact%20Sheets/terms.htm
feeding by taking sea water into the mouth then forcing it out through the matted, sieve-like bristles of the baleen plates. Food suspended in the water, such as small schooling fish and plankton, is trapped inside the mouth cavity as the water exists. gmbis.marinebiodiversity.ca/BayOfFundy/glossE-H.html filtering suspended food particles from water current by means of the gill rakers www.deh.gov.au/coasts/species/marine-fish/glossary.html Obtaining food by passing water through a filtering mechanism. www.50ftdredge.com/EIS/EIS_19.1.html Filter feeders (also known as suspension feeders) are animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized structure, such as the baleen of baleen whales. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_feeding

Feeding Mechanism
How a filter feeder obtains food: Stream of water carries particles/food In through siphon Mucus on gills traps particles Cilia transport particles/water current (along food groove) towards mouth Enzymes in intestine breakdown food Carbohydrates absorbed as monomers

The Antarctic krill manages to directly utilize the minute phytoplankton cells

Feeding Mechanism
How a filter feeder creates a feeding current:

Cilia Beating/ moving rhythmically

Feeding Mechanism
Extra-cellular digestion: Body consists of thin threads (hyphae) Hyphae secrete enzymes that diffuse through wall onto food Enzymes hydrolyse materials in food to monomers Monomers then absorbed into hyphae by F.D. and A.T. In fungi (e.g. saprophytic fungi), cilia not involved in moving food

Feeding with Tentacles

When feeding, these animals project tentacled structures out of the tube to catch food particles in the flowing water. By using cilia on their tentacles, these worms select particles based on size.

Detritus feeding
detritus, consists of bacteria and the remains of finely chopped up algae and decaying fragments of animals, as well as countless numbers of stranded microscopic, one-celled green plants which are called diatoms.

Biting & Chewing Mouthpart

Biting and chewing food is a multisensory task that requires a high level of coordination of all parts of the mouth.

Biting & Chewing Mouthpart

chewing mouthparts have toothed jaws that bite and tear the food (beetles, cockroaches, ants, caterpillars, and grasshoppers). piercing-sucking mouthparts are usually long slender tubes that are forced into plant or animal tissue to suck out fluids or blood. (mosquitoes, aphids). sponging mouthparts are tonguelike structures that have spongy tips to suck up liquids or food that can be made liquid by the insect's vomit (house flies, blow flies). siphoning mouthparts are long tubes used for sucking nectar (butterflies, moths).

Fluid feeding
An external type of digestion is sucking or fluid feeding. A wide variety of animals and insects are adapted to take in liquid food, either from plants or animal juices. All spiders use sucking as their digestive means. They inject digestive enzymes into the prey and allow the exoskeleton to contain the juice as internal body parts are liquified.

Herbivorous
Definitions of Herbivorous on the Web: plant-eating. www.mountedsquadhorses.com/glossary.htm l describes an organism that eats plant matter www.bigelow.org/edhab/glossary.html Feeding primarily on vegetation. www.uvm.edu/~jdecher/GoT.html [her-BIV-or-us] feeding on plants (see also phytophagous and carnivorous). members.aol.com/YESedu/glossary.html Feeding on plants. For example, animals such as moose and snowshoe hares are herbivorous. www.hubbardbrook.org/education/Glossary/G lossary.htm

Herbivorous Strategies
Cranial fermentors or ruminants have a large, multicompartmented section of the digestive tract between the esophagus and true stomach. These forestomachs house a very complex ecosystem that supports fermentation. Examples of ruminants are cattle, sheep and deer.
Caudal fermentors, also known as cecal digestors, are similar to dogs and humans through the stomach and small intestine, but their large intestine, where fermentation occurs, is complex and exceptionally large. Examples of cecal digestors include horses and rabbits.

Herbivorous
Ruminants can utilize dietary starch, but very little of it is absorbed as glucose. Rather, starch and other soluble carbohydrates are fermented to volatile fatty acids in the forestomachs. In contrast, starch fed to a horse is digested to glucose by amylase and maltase in the small intestine, and that glucose is absorbed across the epithelium into blood.

Herbivorous

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