Synchronous Digital Hierarchy: Muhammad Zeeshan

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Muhammad Zeeshan
SDH Definition
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is a standard which is developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) It is documented in standard G.707 and its extension G.708 It was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of telephone and data traffic and to allow for interoperability between equipment from different vendors
Wednesday, April 18, 2012 Telecom Staff College
PRINCIPLES OF PDH MULTIPLEXING

European series
565Mb/s 4 139Mb/s 4 34Mb/s 4 8Mb/s 4 2Mb/s
Japanese series
1.6Gb/s 4 400Mb/s 4 100Mb/s 3 32Mb/s 5 6.3Mb/s 4 4 1.5Mb/s
North American series

274Mb/s 6 45Mb/s 7 6.3Mb/s 4 4 1.5Mb/s
SDH
STM-N N STM-256 4 STM-64 4 STM-16 4 STM-4 4 STM-1
STM-1= 155.52 Mb/s 2, 34, 140 Mb/s

SDH Signals & Data Rates

SDH Signals STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 Bit rate(Mb/s) 155.520 or 155M 622.080 or 622M 2488.320 or 2.5G 9953.280 or 10G
STM: Synchronous Transport Module
SDH higher-rate signal (STM-4,16,64) is exactly 4 times that of the lower-rate signal (STM-1)
Sections in the SDH Network

There are three sections in the SDH
Path Multiplex Section Regenerator Section
The overheads are always generated at the beginning of a section and only evaluated at the end of a section
Wednesday, April 18, 2012
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STM-N Frame Structure

STN-N Payload:
Actual information carried by the STM Low-rate signals
Path Overhead (POH):

Supervisory overhead for administration, monitoring and controlling payload
Section Overhead (SOH):

Auxiliary overhead information for Network Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM)
POH monitors individual low-rate signals within STM-N frame, while SOH monitors the whole package i.e., STM-N frame
Section Overhead
Section overhead is further divided into:
Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH)
RSOH monitors the whole STM-N frame
Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH)

MSOH monitors the individual STM-1s within STM-N frame
STM Performance Monitoring and Management

RSOH, MSOH and POH provide monitoring and management function for different layers/levels of STM-N frame For STM-16 frame:
RSOH monitors the overall transmission performance of STM-16 signal MSOH monitors the performance of individual STM-1s POH monitors each low-rate signal (e.g., 2 Mbps)

For the convenience of signal analysis, the frame structures of the signals are often illustrated as block frame structures The frame structure of PDH signals, ATM signals and data packets of IP network are also block frames The frame of E1 signals is a block frame of 1 Rows x 32 Columns consisting of 32 Bytes

1 3 4 5
RSOH AU-PTR MSOH
P O H 261N 270N Columns STM-N payload (including POH)
9 Rows
9N
1st Byt e
STM-1 Frame Transmission

1 271 270 540
2430t
h
Byte
2161 Transmission Direction 1st Byte
2430
From Left to right & top to bottom
Last Byte 2430 1st Byte STM-1

Frame # 2
STM-1 Frame # 1
SDH Frame Structure - ANATOMY

Transmission rate of single byte of STM-N frame:
STM-N frame contains 2430xN Bytes and each frame is transmitted every 125 s That means a given byte is transmitted 8000 times a second Transmission rate of a single byte:
8000 x 8 = 64 Kbps
Transmission rate of a STM-1 frame:

9 columns x 270 rows x 8000 frames/s x 8 bits = 15,55,20,000 bps = 155.52 Mbps
Multiplexing procedures of SDH

PDH signalsSTM-N:
140MSTM-N 34M STM-N 2MSTM-N
Multiplexing is based on the multiplexing route diagram defined by ITU-T
Multiplexing structure (route diagram)

N STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 3 TUG-3 7 TU-3 VC-3
34.368 Mbps
C-4
139.264 Mpbs
SDH signal
C-3
Pointer processing Align adjustment Multiplexing
TUG-2 3 TU-12 VC-12

2.048 Mbps
Mapping
C-12
PDH signals
Multiplexing Structure
C: Container VC: Virtual Container TU: Tributary Unit TUG: Tributary Unit Group AU: Administrative Unit AUG: Administrative Unit Group
2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Rate Adaptation 1 4 1 1 Byte Path Overhead (POH) 1
VC12
POH
4 1
C12
2 Mbps Signal
9
C12
9
125 s
125 s
C-12 Size: (4 Rows x 9 Columns) 2 = 34 Bytes C-12 Frame Duration = 125 s VC-12 = C-12 + (1 Byte POH) VC-12 Frame Duration = 125 s
There can be four different POH bytes for one C-12 V5, J2, Z6, Z7
VC-12 Size: (4 Rows x 9 Columns) 1 = 35 Bytes

1
VC12
POH
4 1
1 Byte Tributary Unit Pointer (TU-PTR)
TU12
POH
Multiplexing x3 4 1
TUG2
T U 12 T U 12 T U 12
12 1
C12
9
C12
PTR
125 s
125 s
125 s
TU-12 = VC-12 + (1 Byte TU-PTR) TU-12 Size : (12 Rows x 9 Columns) = 36 Bytes TUG-2 = TU-12 + TU-12 + TU-12 TUG-2 size: (12 Rows x 9 Columns) = 108 Bytes TU-12 and TUG-2 Frame Duration = 125 s

1
TUG2
T U 12 T U 12 T U 12
Multiplexing x7 12 1 1 T U R R G 2
TUG3
T U G 2 T U G 2 T U G 2 T U G 2 T U G 2
86 T U G 2 1
125 s
125 s
TUG-3 Size = (TUG-2) x 7 + R (2 Columns) TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 s

1
TUG3
Multiplexing x3 86 1 P O R R H 9 1
VC4
T U G 3 T U G 3 T U G 3
261 1
125 s
125 s
VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column) VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes VC-4 Frame Duration = 125 s

AU-PTR Multiplexing x1 RSOH and MSOH
VC4
261
AU4
VC4
270
AUG
VC4
270
STM-1
VC4
125 s
270
RSOH AU-PTR
AU-PTR
AU-PTR
MSOH
125 s
125 s
125 s

Rate Adaptation 1 1 84 1 Path Overhead (POH) 1
VC3
P O H C3
85
C3
34 Mbps Signal
9 9
125 s
125 s
C-3 Frame Size: 9 rows x 84 columns = 756 Bytes C-3 Frame Duration: 125 s VC-3 = C-3 + (POH) POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte
VC-3 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 85 Columns = 765 Bytes VC-3 Frame Duration: 125 s

Tributary Unit Pointer 1
H1 H2 H3
Filling Gap
TU3
VC3
86 1
1
H1 H2 H3
TUG3
TU3
R
86 1
125 s
125 s
TU-3 = VC-3 + TU-PTR TUG-3 = TU-3 + R (Filling Gap)
TU-PTR = 3 Byte Pointer (H1, H2 and H3) R (Filling Gap) = 6 Bytes for filling Gap
TU-3 and TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 s

1
H1 H2 H3
TUG3
TU3
R
Multiplexing x3 86 1 1
VC4
T U G 3 T U G 3
261
P ORR H
9
T U G 3
125 s
125 s
VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column) VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes VC-4 Frame Duration = 125 s

AU-PTR Multiplexing x1 RSOH and MSOH
VC4
261
AU4
VC4
270
AUG
VC4
270
STM-1
VC4
125 s
270
RSOH AU-PTR
AU-PTR
AU-PTR
MSOH
125 s
125 s
125 s

Rate Adaptation 1 1 260 1 Path Overhead (POH) 1
VC4
C4
261
C4
140 Mbps Signal
9 9
P O H
125 s
125 s
Rate Adaptation: The process of Bit stuffing, to account for different clock rates of the signals coming from different sources C-4 Frame Size: 9 rows x 260 columns = 2340 Bytes C-4 Frame Duration: 125 s
VC-4 = C-4 + (POH) POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte
VC-4 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes

AU-PTR
1 1 4
AU4
9 10 270
Multiplexing x1 1 1
AUG4
9 10 270
AU-PTR
VC4
9
AU4
125 s
125 s
AU-PTR: A 9 byte pointer is inserted at Row No 4 AU4 Size: (1x9)+(9x261) = 2358 Bytes AU-4 and AUG Frame Duration: 125 s
In case of 140 Mb signal mapping in STM-1, AU-4 and AUG are identical

RSOH and MSOH
AUG4
270 1
AUG4
1 9 10 270 1 1 270 3
RSOH
AU4
125 s
AU4
5 9
STM-1
9
MSOH
125 s
125 s
RSOH Size: 3 Rows x 9 Columns = 27 Bytes MSOH Size: 5 Rows x 9 Columns = 45 Bytes STM-1 Size: 9 Rows x 270 Columns = 2430 Bytes STM-1 Frame Size: 125 s
OVERHEAD
Overhead Bytes
OVERHEAD
1
RSOH
AU-PTR
MSOH
9 1
P O H
PAYLOAD
270
STM-1 Frame Structure
Section Overhead (SOH)

There are two different overhead in SDH frame structure, that is, SOH and POH, respectively used for maintenance of the section layer and the path payer SOH contains frame alignment information, maintenance and performance monitoring information and other operational functions SOH can be further divided into RSOH and MSOH
RSOH can be accessed in the regenerator or at the terminal equipment MSOH can be processed at the terminal equipment
OVERHEAD RSOH
A1 B1 D1 A1 A1 E1 D2 A2 A2 F1 D3 A2 J0
RSOH - Frame alignment byte: A1 and

A2
Bytes A1 and A2 in SOH are used to identify the start position of a frame. A1 and A2 have fixed binary values, that is, A1 = 11110110, A2=00101000. If the correct A1 and A2 bytes are not received for consecutive five frames, that is, different frames cannot be differentiated for consecutive five frames, the receive end will enter OOF (Out of Frame) status, and will generated an OOF alarm If OOF continues for 2ms, the receive end will enter the LOF (Loss of Frame) status, and the equipment will generate an LOF alarm and insert an AIS (Alarm Indication Signal), and the entire service will be interrupted
RSOH - J0 and D1~D12

Regenerator section trace byte: J0
This byte is used to repeatedly send the section access point identifier, so that the section receive end can confirm it is in continuous connection status with the specified transmit end
Data communication channel (DCC): D1~D12

DCC in SOH is used to form a transmission link over the SDH management network (SMN) Bytes D1 through D3 are called regenerator section DCC, used for transfer of OAM information between regenerator section terminals, with a rate of 192kbit/s (364kbit/s) Bytes D4 through D12 are called multiplexer section DCC, used for transferring OAM information between multiplexer section terminals, with a rate of 576kbit/s (964kbit/s)
RSOH- E1, E2 and F1

Orderwire bytes: E1 and E2
The two bytes are used to provide an Orderwire communication channel. E1 belongs to RSOH, used for local Orderwire channel and can be accessed at the regenerator. E2 belongs to MSOH, used for direct Orderwire channel and can be accessed at the multiplexer section terminal. The rate of the Orderwire channel is 64kbit/s
User channel: F1
This byte is reserved for user (normally network provider), to provide temporary data/voice channel connection for special maintenance purpose
RSOH BIP-8 code B1

Bit interleaved parity 8-bit code (BIP-8 code): B1
The B1 byte (eight bits) is used for monitoring regenerator section errors It is a bit interleaved parity code in even parity check. BIP-8 code calculates all bits of the previous STM-N frame after scrambled code The calculation result is set to the B1 byte position before the scrambled code It can automatically monitor errors of the regenerator section in simpler mode
OVERHEAD MSOH
B2 D4 D7
D10
B2
B2
K1 D5 D8
D11
K2 D6 D9
D12
S1
M1 E2
MSOH BIP-8 code B2

Bit interleaved parity N24 code (BIP-N24 code): B2
The B2 byte is used for monitoring multiplex section errors There are three B2 bytes in the SOH (total 24 bits) The B2 byte is bit interleaved parity N24 code using even parity check Its generation mode is similar to that of BIP-8. The BIPN24 code calculates all bytes of the previous STM-N frame (except the first row to the third row in SOH), and the result is placed in the B1 byte position before the scrambled code The STM-N frame has N3 B2 bytes. Every three B2 bytes correspond to the parity code of an STM-1 frame
MSOH K1 and K2
Automatic protection switching (APS) path: K1 and K2 (b1~b5)
The two bytes are used as APS signaling for multiplexer section protection K1 and K2 (b1~b5) provides network protection mode
MSOH S1
Synchronous status S1 (b5 ~b8)
In STM-N frame structure, bit 5 through bit 8 of the first S1 byte of the first STM-1 frame indicates the synchronous status message The four bits may have 16 different codes, so they can indicate 16 different synchronous quality grades The smaller the S1 (b5 ~ b8) value, the lower the corresponding clock quality grade The equipment judges the quality of the received clock signal based on this, and determines whether to conduct clock source switching, that is, whether to switch to a clock source of higher quality
MSOH M1
Multiplexer section remote error indication (MSREI) byte: M1
The M1 byte is a remote alarm message returned from the receive end to the transmit end The M1 byte contains the number of error blocks detected by the BIP-N24 (B2) code at the receive end, so that the transmit end can understand the error conditions in signal receiving at the receive end
Path Overhead (POH)

The Path Overhead is generated only at the beginning of a path and evaluated at the end of a path. There are three types of Path Overhead:
VC-4 POH VC-3 POH VC-12 POH
VC4 POH
J1 B3
STM-1
RSOH AU-PTR
Path Trace Byte Path BIP-8 Byte Signal Label Byte Path Status Byte Path User Channel Byte Multiframe Indicator Byte
C2 G1 F2 H4 Z3 Z4 Z5
V C 4 P O H
VC4
MSOH
Spare Bytes
VC4 POH
J1: Path Trace Byte
Using the J1 byte, every path can be assigned a trace. This trace enables the path to be trailed through the SDH network This is of particular importance in the case of crossconnect controlled through connections
VC4 POH
B3: Path BIP-8 Byte
The B3 byte transmits the parity code of a VC-4. This byte is generated at the beginning of the path and is evaluated only at the end of the path to perform bit error monitoring
C2: Signal Label Byte

The C2 byte indicates types and composition of the VC-4 tributary information
VC 4 POH
G1: Path Status Byte
The G1 byte is used to return the path termination status and performance conditions detected at the path sink end to the VC-3/VC-4 path source end, so that monitoring of full-duplex path status and performance is allowed at any end of the path or at any point of the path
H4: Multiframe indicator byte

This byte provides common position indication for payload, or can indicate special payload position, for example, it can indicate the multi-frame position of VC1/VC-2
VC 4 POH
F2: Path user channel byte
The F2 byte is defined for communication purposes for the network provider, e.g., exchange of data between two PCs
VC 3 POH
J1 B3
STM-1
RSOH AU-PTR
Path Trace Byte Path BIP-8 Byte Signal Label Byte Path Status Byte Path User Channel Byte Multiframe Indicator Byte
C2
VC-3 #1 V C 3 P O H VC-3 #2 V C 3 P O H VC-3 #3
V C 3 P O H
G1 F2 H4 Z3 Z4 Z5
MSOH
Spare Bytes
VC12 POH
There can be four different POH bytes for one C-12 Every C-12 contains one of these POH bytes in each case, which are assigned alternately i.e., each of these POH bytes is repeated every 500 s (4 x 125 s) The combination of a container C-12 and a POH byte is called a Virtual Container VC-12 The block resulting from 4 x C-12 plus the POH (V5, J2, Z6, Z7) is called a Multiframe VC-12
VC12 POH
V5 byte:
The V5 byte is used for bit error monitoring, signal detection and path status indication on the VC-12
V5 J2 Z6 Z7
Path BIP-2 Byte Signal Label Byte Path Status Byte Path Trace Byte Spare Bytes
J2: Path Trace Byte

Using the J2 byte, every path can be assigned a trace which enables the path to be trailed in the SDH network. This is important mainly in relation to cross-connect through connections
Z6 and Z7: Spare bytes

These two VC-12 bytes are reserved for future use as yet undefined by ITU-T
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy: Muhammad Zeeshan

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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

PRINCIPLES OF PDH MULTIPLEXING

North American series

STM-1= 155.52 Mb/s 2, 34, 140 Mb/s

SDH Signals & Data Rates

STM: Synchronous Transport Module

Sections in the SDH Network

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

STM-N Frame Structure

Path Overhead (POH):

Section Overhead (SOH):

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH)

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

STM Performance Monitoring and Management

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

STM-N Frame Structure

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

STM-N Frame Structure

RSOH AU-PTR MSOH

P O H 261N 270N Columns STM-N payload (including POH)

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

STM-1 Frame Transmission

2161 Transmission Direction 1st Byte

From Left to right & top to bottom

Last Byte 2430 1st Byte STM-1

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

SDH Frame Structure - ANATOMY

Transmission rate of a STM-1 frame:

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

Multiplexing procedures of SDH

Multiplexing is based on the multiplexing route diagram defined by ITU-T

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

Multiplexing structure (route diagram)

Pointer processing Align adjustment Multiplexing

TUG-2 3 TU-12 VC-12

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

VC-12 Size: (4 Rows x 9 Columns) 1 = 35 Bytes

2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

1 Byte Tributary Unit Pointer (TU-PTR)

2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

TUG-3 Size = (TUG-2) x 7 + R (2 Columns) TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 s

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Telecom Staff College

2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Wednesday, April 18, 2012