Molecular Mass and

Monsieur Le Chatelier
Who is Henri Louis Le
Chatelier?

1
 Today’s Quote

It is possible to store the mind with a

million facts and still be entirely
uneducated.
- Alec Bourne

2
Formula Definitions

• Empirical Formula – ratio of each

atom in each molecule of a given
compound:
Glucose = CH2O

• Molecular Formula – actual number

of each of the atoms present in a
compound:
Glucose = C6H12O6 3
Molecular Mass

• Molecular Mass = sum of atomic

masses of all the atoms present in
one molecule of a compound.
• Example: H2O
2 x the atomic mass of H (2 x 1) =
2
1 x the atomic mass of 0 (1 x 16) =
16
Molecular Mass = 4
Molecular Mass of Glucose
• Formula = C6H12O6

6 Carbons (Atomic Mass of 12) 6 x 12=

72

12 Hydrogens (Atomic Mass of 1)

12x1=12

6 Oxygens (Atomic Mass of 16) 6 x 16=

96
5
Collection Terms

1 trio = 3 singers

1 six-pack Cola = 6 cans Cola drink

1 dozen donuts = 12 donuts

1 gross of pencils = 144 pencils

6
 The Mole
Calculations Using Molar
Mass

7
A Mole of Particles

Contains 6.02 x 1023 particles

1 mole C = 6.02 x 1023 C atoms

1 mole H2O = 6.02 x 1023 H2O
molecules
1 mole NaCl = 6.02 x 1023 Na+ ions
and
8
More Examples of Moles

Moles of elements
1 mole Mg = 6.02 x 1023 Mg atoms
1 mole Au = 6.02 x 1023 Au atoms
Moles of compounds
1 mole NH3 = 6.02 x 1023 NH3 molecules

1 mole C9H8O4 = 6.02 x 1023 aspirin molecules

9
Avogadro's Number

6.02 x 1023 particles

1 mole
or

1 mole
6.02 x 1023 particles

10
• An education isn't how much you
have committed to memory, or even
how much you know. It's being able
to differentiate between what you do
know and what you don't.
• Anatole France (1844 - 1924)

11
What is the….?
1. Number of atoms in 0.500 mole
of Al
1) 500 Al atoms
2) 6.02 x 1023 Al atoms
3) 3.01 x 1023 Al atoms

12
2.Number of moles of S in 1.8 x
1024
S atoms
1) 1.0 mole S atoms
2) 3.0 mole S atoms
3) 1.1 x 1048 mole S atoms

13
Solution
1. Number of atoms in 0.500 mol of
Al
3) 3.01 x 1023 Al atoms

2. Number of moles of S if a sample

of S contains 1.8 x 1024 S atoms
2) 3.0 mole S atoms

14
Molar Mass
• Number of grams in 1 mole
• Equal to the numerical value of the
atomic mass
1 mole of C atoms = 12.0
g
1 mole of Mg atoms = 24.3 g
1 mole of Cu atoms = 63.5 g
15
 Molar Mass of
Compounds
Mass in grams of 1 mole equal
numerically to the sum of the atomic
masses

1 mole of CaCl2 = 111.1 g/mole

1 mole Ca x 40.1 g/mole
+ 2 moles Cl x 35.5
g/mole

1 mole of N2O4 = 92.0 g/mole

2 moles N x 14.0 g/mole 16
 Calculations

A. 1 mole of K2O = 94.2 g

2 K x 39.1 g/mole + 1 O x 16.0
g/mole

B. 1 mole of antacid Al(OH)3 = 78.0 g

1 Al x 27.0 g/mole + 3 O x 16.0

g/mole 17
Calculation

Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is a widely used

antidepressant that inhibits the
uptake of serotonin by the brain. It
has a molar mass of
1) 40.0 g/mole
2) 262 g/mole
3) 309 g/mole

18
Solution

Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is a widely used

antidepressant that inhibits the
uptake of serotonin by the brain. It
has a molar mass of
3) 309 g/mole
17C (12.0) + 18H (1.0) + 3F (19.0) +
1N (14.0) + 1 O (16.0)

19
Molar Mass Factors for
CH4
Methane CH4 known as natural gas is
used in gas stoves and gas heaters.
Express the molar mass of methane
in the form of conversion factors.

Molar mass of CH4 = 16.0 g

16.0 g CH4 and 1 mole

CH4
1 mole CH4 16.0 20
Calculations with Molar
Mass

molar mass
Grams Moles

21
 Moles and Grams

Aluminum is often used for the

structure of light-weight bicycle
frames. How many grams of Al are in
3.00 moles of Al?

3.00 moles Al ? g Al

22
1. Molar mass of Al
1 mole Al = 27.0 g Al
2. Conversion factors for Al
27.0g Al or 1 mol Al
1 mol Al 27.0 g Al

3. Setup
3.00 moles Al x 27.0 g Al
1 mole Al

Answer = 81.0 g Al
23
Reaction Energy Pathway
• Shows the change in energy during
a chemical reaction

24
 Exothermic Reaction

• Reaction that
energy
releases released
energy
• Products have
lower PE
than reactants

2H2(l) + O2(l) → 2H2O(g) +

energy 25
 Endothermic Reaction

• Reaction that
energy
absorbs absorbed
energy
• Reactants have
lower PE
than products

2Al2O3 + energy → 4Al + 3O2

26
 Collision Theory

• Reaction rate depends on the

collisions between reacting particles
• Successful collisions occur if the
particles...
– collide with each other
– have the correct orientation
– have enough kinetic energy to break
bonds
27
 Collision Theory
• Particle Orientation

Required Orientation

Unsuccessful
Successful Collision Collisions 28
 Collision Theory
• Activation Energy (Ea)
– minimum energy required for a
reaction to occur

Activation
Energy

29
 Collision Theory

• Activation Energy
– depends on reactants
– low Ea = fast rxn rate

Ea

30
Factors Affecting Rxn Rate

• Surface Area
– high SA = fast rxn rate
– more opportunities for collisions
– Increase surface area by…
• using smaller particles
• dissolving in water

31
Factors Affecting Rxn Rate

• Concentration
– high conc = fast rxn rate
– more opportunities for collisions

32
Factors Affecting Rxn Rate
• Temperature
– high temp = fast rxn rate
– high Kinetic Energy of particles
• fast-moving particles
• more likely to reach activation energy

33
Factors Affecting Rxn Rate

• Temperature

5 mph “fender bender”

50 mph “high-speed crash” 34

Factors Affecting Rxn Rate
• Catalyst
– substance that increases rxn rate
without being consumed in the rxn
– lowers the activation energy

35
Factors Affecting Rxn Rate
• Enzyme Catalysis

36
 Ways to change rate of reaction:
1. Change concentration

2. Change temperature

3. Add a catalyst

4. Increase the surface area

These actions also change the rate of

reaction of an equilibrium reaction.
A+B C+D
37
The four most commons changes
to make for equilibrium reactions are:
1. Concentration changes for reactants

2. Concentration changes for products

3. Temperature changes for reaction

4. Volume changes for gaseous reactions

38
Concentration changes for
Reactants and Products

39
Le Chatelier’s Principle

40
Think of equilibrium as a big seesaw.

At equilibrium, the seesaw is balanced.

A + B C + D

To the eye, no changes are occurring

to the amount of reactants on the left
or to the amount of product on the right.
41
When you increase the concentration of
a reactant A, you are adding weight to the
left side of the seesaw.
C + D
A + B

How can you re-balance the seesaw? How

can you achieve equilibrium again?

42
By shifting some of the weight toward the right!

C + D
A + B C + D
A + B

Equilibrium has been re-established when

concentrations stop changing.

43
Before A was added, the system was
at equilibrium.

A + B C + D

44
At the moment that A was added, the [A]
went up. In our example, increased [A] is
symbolized as more weight on the left side
of the seesaw.

C + D
A + B

45
In the process of re-establishing equilibrium,
the concentration of C and D went up. In
our example, increased concentration is
symbolized as more weight on the right side
of the seesaw.

C + D
A + B C + D
A + B

46
 Let’s look at the overall
A + Bprocess
C +one
D more time.
System was
at equilibrium.

C + D
[A] increased. A + B
System not at
equilibrium.

System regains A + B C + D
equilibrium.

47
What would the seesaw look like if we
increased the [D]?

A + B
C + D

In which direction do we need to shift

“weight” in order to regain equilibrium?

Shift to the LEFT!

48
 C + D
A + B Caused by increasing [A].
Shift RIGHT to regain
equilibrium.
Result: [C] and [D] increase.

A + B
C + D
Caused by increasing [D].
Shift LEFT to regain
equilibrium.
Result: [A] and [B] increase.
49
What if we removed D as it was formed?
This would be the same as decreasing [D].
What would the seesaw look like?

C + D
A + B

When you decrease the [D], you are

removing “weight” from that side of the
seesaw.
50
How would you re-establish equilibrium?

C + D
A + B

Shift “weight” to the right. More products

will form.

This is a common way to make an equilibrium

reaction go to “completion.”

51
Change in
Temperature

52
What happens when you change the
temperature of a reaction?

It will depend on whether the reaction

is exothermic or endothermic.

Exothermic A + B <--> C + D + heat

reaction:

Endothermic A + B + heat <--> C + D

reaction:

53
Treat “heat” like a reactant or product.

If you increase the heat, you are adding

“weight” to the seesaw.

If you decrease the heat, you are removing

“weight from the seesaw.

If the reaction is exothermic, the change

in “weight” occurs on the product side.

If the reaction is endothermic, the change

in “weight” occurs on the reactant side.
54
Exothermic Reaction with increased temperature.
A + B
C + D + Heat

Shift Left to Produce

More Reactants

Exothermic Reaction with decreased temperature.

C + D + heat
A + B

Shift Right to Produce

More Products
55
Endothermic Reaction with increased temperature.

C + D
A + B + heat

Shift Right!
More Products
Endothermic Reaction with decreased temperature.

A + B + heat
C + D
Shift Left!
More Reactants
56
Changing Volume

57
When you have gaseous reactants or products
and you change volume, you are changing
Concentration.

58
Let’s look at a reaction with gaseous
components:

2A(g) + B(g) <--> 2C(g)

There are THREE moles of gas on the

reactant side and TWO moles of gas
on the product side.

3 moles 2 moles

59
If we cut the volume in half, the concentration
will double. This means that the
concentration of ALL gases went up.

The side of the reaction with the most moles

of gas, will be most disturbed by the
increased concentration.

2 moles
3 moles

60
If we shift the reaction toward the side
with fewer moles of gas, the effect of
cutting the volume in half will be minimized.

For this reaction, cutting the volume in half

results in MORE product.

2 moles
3
3 moles
moles 2 moles

61
Is it always true that cutting the volume in
half will cause more products to form? NO!
You have to examine each reaction with
gaseous components to see, first, which side
has more moles of gas.

Cutting the volume in half, increases concentration.

Reaction will shift toward side with FEWER
moles of gas.

Doubling the volume, decreases concentration.

Reaction will shift toward side with MOST
moles of gas.
62
 3A(s) + B(g) <--> 2C(g)
1 mole of gas 2 moles of gas

If volume is increased, which direction

will reaction shift?

If volume increases, concentration decreases.

The side with most moles has the greatest
reduction in concentration. Product side
loses “weight.” 2 moles
1 mole

Reaction will shift to the right.

63
Let’s see if you can put
it all together,

64
 2 A(g) + B(g) + heat <--> C(g)

1. In which direction will reaction shift if A is doubled?

Increase [A], shift right. More products formed.

2. In which direction will reaction shift if C is removed?

Decrease [C], shift right. More products formed.

3. In which direction will reaction shift if temp goes up?

Endothermic reaction. Heat is a reactant.
Shift right. More products formed.

4. In which direction will reaction shift if volume goes up?

Increase V, decrease A, B and C. Side with most gas moles

loses “weight.” Shift left. More reactants formed. 65