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• A diode is formed by
interfacing an n-type
semiconductor with a p-type
semiconductor.
• A pn junction is the
interface between n and p
regions.
Diode symbol
N N kT
∫
φj =− E(x)dx =VT ln 2 , VT =
A D
ni q
2εs 1 1
w d 0 =(x n +x p ) = + φj
q N A N D
2ε s 1 1
w = q + φ = 0.113µm
d0 N N j
A D
∂n
j nT =qµn nE +qDn =0
∂x
T ∂p
j p =qµp pE −qD p =0
∂x
When external bias voltage is applied to the diode, the above equations
are no longer equated to zero.
Jaeger/Blalock Microelectronic Circuit Design Chap 3 -11
7/1/03 McGraw-Hill
Diode Junction Potential for Different
Applied Voltages
qv D v
i D =I S exp −1=I S exp D −1
nkT nVT
V = 0.603V
With IS=10 fA D
V = 0.748V
With ID= 1 mA, IS=0.1 fA D
• Reverse bias: v
i D =I S exp D −1≈I S [0 −1]≈−I S
nVT
• Zero bias:
v
i D =I S exp D −1≈I S [
1 −1]≈0
nVT
• Forward bias:
v v
i D =I S exp D
−1≈I S exp D
nVT nVT
I S [ A] =
10I S [B] =
100I S [C ]
2εs 1 1
where w d 0 =(x n +x p ) = + φj
q N A N D
vR
I S =I S 0 1+
φj
IS is approximately constant at IS0 under forward bias.
dQn C j0A εs
Cj = = F/cm2 where C j 0 =
dv R v wd 0
1+ R
φj
I = −I > 0
Z D
20 − 5100I − 5 = 0
Z
(20 − 5)V
I = = 2.94mA
Z 5100Ω
Using load-line analysis:
Since IZ >0 (ID <0), solution is consistent
− 20 =V + 5000I
D D with Zener breakdown assumption.
Jaeger/Blalock Microelectronic Circuit Design Chap 3 -40
7/1/03 McGraw-Hill
Voltage Regulator using Zener Diode
V −V (20 − 5)V
I = S Z= = 3mA
S R 5kΩ
V 5V
I = Z= = 1mA
L R 5kΩ
L
I = I − I = 2mA
Z S L
For proper regulation, Zener current must be
positive. If Zener current <0, Zener diode no
longer controls voltage across load resistor
and voltage regulator is said to have
Zener diode keeps voltage “dropped out of regulation”.
across load resistor constant. R =R
For Zener breakdown V R >
∴I = S −V 1 + 1 > 0 L VS min
2Vr
θc = ω∆T =
V
P
1 2Vr 1 2(0.15V)
∆T = = = 0.352ms
ω V 120π 17V
P
1/60 s
2 T
I =I = 2A = 94.7A I surge= ωCVP = 120π (0.111)(17) = 711A
P dc ∆T 2 0.352ms
PIV =V = 17V
P
Jaeger/Blalock Microelectronic Circuit Design Chap 3 -58
7/1/03 McGraw-Hill
Three-terminal IC Voltage Regulators