9.

2 stars and galaxies in the universe

i

A star is a natural object in outer space that can release heat and light energy. A star generates energy through nuclear reaction. The sun is a star is nearest to earth. The distance of a star from earth is measured in units of light year. i.e, travelled by light in a year There are bright stars in the sky that can be seen by the naked eyes at night such as the Sirius and Rigel.

1. A stars is born from a nebula. 2. A nebula is a large cloud that consist of dust and gases such as hydrogen and helium.

FIGURE 9.2.1

CLASSIFICATION OF STARS
Stars need to be classified to facilitate research. Star is classified according to characteristics such as a. colour and temperature b. size c. brightness The colour of a stars depends on its temperature. A stars with very low temperature is red in colour . A stars that is very hot is blue in colour

Different stars have different size. For example : a. dwarf stars ( white dwartf)is a very small stars i.e. smaller than earth b. giant stars is tens of times bigger than the sun c. super giant stars is a very big stars i.e. 100 times bigger than the sun.
Apparent magnitude is a measurement of the brightness of objects in the sky that can be seen from earth. The lower the magnitude value, the brighter the objects. For example, the sun and the full moon respectively have magnitudes of 26.8 and -12.6 .

3. The stars will undegrow the stage of birth as the following: Gases and particles in the nebula are pulled by strong gravitational forces to form a lump.

Strong gravitational forces cause the lump of gases to shrink and is compressed until it become very compact from a core.

This core becomes increasingly smaller and compact as the result of an increasing gravitational force.

When temperature and pressure in the core become very high, nuclear reactions occurs.

Hydrogen gas is turned into helium. A lot of heat and light energy are released. The core shines and a stars is born.

1. A star will die when all the hydrogen gas In it core is use up in nuclear reactions. 2. A stars will becomes either a white dwarf, neutron stars and black holes when it dies depending on it size. 3. For a stars of moderate size like the sun ( or a star with a mass that is 1.5 times smaller than the mass of the sun ), the star will undergo death in the following stage.

The hydrogen atoms in the stars are used up and nuclear reactions stop.

The star expands because gravitational force has decreased and forms a red giant.

The outer parts of the stars drift out into space leaving the extremely hot white core called the white dwarf

The white dwarf is a star that is dense, compact and becoming increasingly cold.

The white dwarf continues to become colder and eventually leaves a black body or black dwarf. This black body looks dark in outer space.

4. a)For a that is bigger than the Sun (or a star with a mass of the Sun), that star will under go death in the following stage:

The outer layer of a star expands as a result of decreasing gravitational force to form a red giant.

The red giant continues to expand and finally explodes as supernova.A great deal of heat and light energy are produced.

Very strong gravitational force in the core of the star converts it into either a neutron star or a black hole.

b) A neutron star is a very small and dense star as it consists mainly of neutron particles c) A neutron star rotates and gives out radio waves d) A black hole is an object that is very dense and has very strong gravitational force that pulls all surrounding materials, including light,t hat is close by to it e) A black hole is an object that cannot be seen in outer space

Present by:

THE ONLY EXCEPTION

QUESTION!
1. WHAT IS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS THAT WE CAN CLASSIFIED? a) COLOUR AND TEMPERATURE b) SIZE c) BRIGHTNESS 2. STARS IS BORN FROM? NEBULA 3. WHY THE STAR WILL DIE? BECAUSE THE HYDROGEN GAS IN ITS CORE USED UP IN NUCLEAR REACTIONS