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HEAD INJURY
Any trauma that leads to injury of the scalp, skull or brain. The injuries can range from a minor bump on the skull to serious brain injury.
Intracranial Hemorrhage
Subdural Hematoma Epidural hematoma Subarachnoid hemorrhage Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
Causes:
PAVEMENT
P Pagkalaglag (fall) A Abuse V Violence E Extreme Sports M Motor /Vehicular accident E engage in Assault N Nauntog T Tatanga-tanga sa Kalsada
Drug
Nursing Management:
DO NOT Do NOT give aspirin, Ibuprofen or other NSAIDs. Do NOT apply direct pressure to the bleeding a lot. Do NOT wash a head wound that is deep or bleeding a lot. Do NOT remove any object sticking out of a wound. Do NOT move the person unless absolutely necessary. Do NOT shake the person if he or she seems dazed. Do NOT remove a helmet if you suspect a serious head injury. Do NOT pick up a fallen child with any sign of head injury. Do NOT drink alcohol within 48 hours of a serious head injury.
HEART FAILURE
Definition:
The inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of tissue for oxygen and nutrients. HF often referred to as congestive heart failure because many patient experience pulmonary or peripheral congestive. HF currently recognize as a clinical syndrome characterized by:
o o Inadequate tissue perfusion Fluid overload
HF refers to myocardial disease in which there is a problem with contraction of the heart or filling of the heart.
Type:
1. Systolic Heart Failure = weakened heart muscle = decreased blood volume being ejected from the ventricle. Preload > filling of left ventricle at the end of diastole. 2. Diastolic Heart Failure = stiff and non-compliant heart muscle. = increased work-load that lead to ventricular hypertrophy. After load > amount of resistance to ejection of blood from a ventricle
Cause:
C Cardiomyopathy H hypertension A - Atherosclerosis D Diabetic Milletus
Clinical Manifestation
1. Left Sided Heart Failure (Left ventricular failure)
Dependent Edema Hepatomegaly Ascites Weakness and weight gain Nausea and vomiting
Diagnostic Exam
Echocardiogram > Help to identity the underlying cause and determine the EF which helps identify the type and severity of the following. *Ejection Fraction (EF) = end of systolic end of diastole = normal 55-65%
Medical Management:
4 Goals of Management on Heart Failure 1. To relieve the symptoms 2. To improve functional status and quality of life 3. To extend survival 4. To reduce the workload on the heart (Afterload & Preload)
Drug Magement:
a. Calcium channel blocker Nifedine & Amlodipine b. Hydralazine and Isorbide Dinitrate c. ACE inhibitor Captopril d. Diurectics Lood, Thiazide & Potassium Sparing Diuretics e. Beta Blockers Metoprolol f. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Valsoprin g. Digitalis Digoxin
Nursing Management
Assessing the patients response to the pharmacologic regimen Auscultating lung sound to detect an increase or decrease in pulmonary crackles. Assess for symptoms of fluid overload Monitor I&O Monitor pulse rate and blood pressure Examine skin turgor and mucous membrane for signs of dehydration Identify and evaluate the severity of dependent edema.
THANK YOU
Concussion
Contusion
Battles Sign
Intracranial Hemorrhage
HEART FAILURE