The country needs DEFENCES

because it is under constant threat

of attack
The body is also under constant threat of attacks !

• Attacks by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

The body is also under constant threat of attacks !

• Attacks by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

• Attack by toxins, poisons
• Attack by tumour growth

• So, the body needs DEFENCES too……

• Different defences for different types of invasions
To protect us from these threats, we too have …
….. A Defence System

The Immune System

We have Immunity

What is immunity?
Immunity = State of protection from infectious disease
There are two kinds of immunity
Immunity

Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity

Innate Immunity = Non-specific Immunity

Natural Immunity

Basic resistance that a person is born with, NOT specific

to a particular pathogen
Examples of Innate Immune Barriers
Examples of Innate Immune Barriers
Examples of Innate Immune Barriers
Examples of Innate Immune Barriers
Examples of Innate Immune Barriers
Examples of Innate Immune Barriers
Innate Immunity – 4 types of defense barriers

1. Anatomic

2. Physiologic

3. Phagocytic

4. Inflammatory
 Innate Immune Barriers
1. Anatomic Barriers

SKIN : i. Mechanical barrier against microbes

ii. Sweat glands, sebaceous glands

Lactic acid, fatty acids

Low pH retards microbial growth

MUCOUS MEMBRANES :
i. Trap microbes
ii. Ciliary movements flush out microbes
 Innate Immune Barriers
2. Physiologic Barriers

Temperature: Fever inhibits microbial growth

Low pH: Acidic pH of stomach kills microbes

Chemicals:
Lysozyme  lyzes bacterial cell wall
Interferon  induces an anti-viral state
IFN prevents viral replication
 Innate Immune Barriers
2. Physiologic Barriers

Temperature: Fever inhibits microbial growth

Low pH: Acidic pH of stomach kills microbes

Chemicals:
Lysozyme  lyzes bacterial cell wall
Interferon  induces an anti-viral state
Complement  lysis, chemotaxis, phagocytosis
 Innate Immune Barriers
2. Physiologic Barriers

Temperature: Fever inhibits microbial growth

Low pH: Acidic pH of stomach kills microbes

Chemicals:
Lysozyme  lyzes bacterial cell wall
Interferon  induces an anti-viral state
Complement  lysis, chemotaxis, phagocytosis
Acute Phase Proteins: C-reactive Protein, CRP
 Stimulates complement
 Innate Immune Barriers
3. Phagocytic & Endocytic barriers

PHAGOCYTOSIS: Uptake by macrophages of

particulate material e.g. uptake of bacteria

ENDOCYTOSIS: Uptake of material by cells; e.g.

fluid droplets, molecules etc

Internalization and elimination / killing

Macrophages are everywhere !
 Phagocytosis of bacteria

Bacterium
being engulfed
 Phagocytosis of bacteria

Bacterium
being engulfed

Bacterium
inside a vacuole
 Phagocytosis of bacteria

Bacterium
being engulfed

Bacterium
inside a vacuole

Digestion of
bacterium begins
 Phagocytosis of bacteria

Bacterium
being engulfed

Bacterium
inside a vacuole

Digestion of
bacterium begins

Digestion of
bacterium completed
 Phagocytosis of bacteria

Bacterium
being engulfed

Bacterium
inside a vacuole

Digestion of
bacterium begins

Digestion of
bacterium completed
Digested material
being exuded
 Innate Immune Barriers
4. Inflammatory barriers

Infection  Increase in blood flow

 Increase in capillary permeability

 Attraction of leukocytes

 Migration of leukocytes
 Tissue
Damage

Bacteria
Release of
factors
Extravasation
Migration
of
phagocyte
s
Complement,
antibody
 The Summary……….so far

Some countries are under constant threat of invasion

The body too is under constant threat of invasion

Countries are equipped with defence mechanisms

We are also equipped with defence mechanisms

e.g. the skin, complement, macrophages etc
Countries have different defence mechanisms
to handle different modes of invasion

The body is equipped with different innate

immune mechanisms to handle different types
of “invasions”
e.g. Phagocytes eliminate bacteria and viruses
in different tissues
e.g. Inflammatory reactions help protect
against infections in the skin
There are two kinds of immunity
Immunity

Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity

Acquired Immunity = Specific Immunity

= Adaptive Immunity
 ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Characteristic Features

1. Specificity – Ability to distinguish pathogens

2. Diversity – Recognize millions of molecules

3. Memory – Faster & stronger second response

4. Self/Non-self Discrimination – Respond to non-self

 ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

HUMORAL CELL-MEDIATED

B lymphocytes Macrophages, T cells

T helper cells
Antibodies
T cytotoxic cells
Differences between Innate and Acquired Immunity

Feature Innate Acquired

Response Time Rapid Slow
(Minutes/hours) (Days/weeks)
Specificity Low High

Memory No Yes

Diversity Low Very high

Self non-self No Yes

discrimination
No. Date TOPIC TUTOR

1 18.9 The Immune System Prof. Raj

2 18.9 Organs and Cells of the Immune System Dr. Raja’a

3 19.9 The Major Histocompatibility Complex Prof. Raj

4 19.9 Antigens and Antigen Presentation Prof. Raj

5 20.9 Humoral Immunity Prof. Raj

6 23.9 Antibody Functions and Complement Prof. Raj

7 23.9 T cell Receptors and Cell-mediated Immunity Prof. Raj

8 25.9 Cell-mediated Immunity Prof. Raj

9 25.9 Cytokines Prof. Raj