Aeroelastic effects

Wind loading and structural response

Lecture 14 Dr. J.D. Holmes
Aeroelastic effects
Very flexible dynamically wind-sensitive structures
Motion of the structure generates aerodynamic forces
Positive aerodynamic damping : reduces vibrations - steel lattice towers
if forces act in direction to increase the motion : aerodynamic instability
Aeroelastic effects
Example : Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA - 1940
Example : Galloping of iced-up transmission lines
Aeroelastic effects
Aerodynamic damping (along wind) :
Relative velocity of air with respect to body = x U
Consider a body moving with velocity in a flow of speed U
x
Aeroelastic effects
Aerodynamic damping (along wind) :
x U b C U b
2
1
C
)
U
x 2
(1 U b
2
1
C ) x U b(
2
1
C D
a D
2
a D
2
a D
2
a D

=
~ =
Drag force (per unit length) =
U / x
for small
aerodynamic damping term
x U b C x c
a D
+
total damping term :
along-wind aerodynamic damping is positive
transfer to left hand side of equation of motion :
D(t) kx x c x m = + +
Aeroelastic effects
Galloping :
galloping is a form of aerodynamic instability caused by negative
aerodynamic damping in the cross wind direction
Motion of body in z direction will generate an apparent reduction in angle of attack, Ao
From vector diagram :
U / z =
Aeroelastic effects
Galloping :
Aerodynamic force per unit length in z direction (body axes) :
F
z
= D sin o + L cos o =
) cos C sin b(C U
2
1
L D
2
a
o +
(Lecture 8)
) cos
d
dC
sin C sin
d
dC
cos b(C U
2
1
d
dF
L
L
D
D
2
a
z
o + + =
For o = 0 :
)
d
dC
b(C U
2
1
d
dF
L
D
2
a
z
+ =
o )
d
dC
b(C U
2
1
F
L
D
2
a z
+ ~
Aeroelastic effects
Galloping :
Substituting,
U / z =
)
U
z
)(
d
dC
b(C U
2
1
F
L
D
2
a z

+ ~ A
z )
d
dC
b(C U
2
1
L
D a
+ =
For , AF
z
is positive - acts in same direction as
0 )
d
dC
(C
L
D
< +
z
negative aerodynamic damping when transposed to left-hand side
Aeroelastic effects
Galloping :
den Hartogs Criterion
0 )
d
dC
(C
L
D
< +
critical wind speed for galloping,U
crit
, occurs when total damping is zero
0 z )
d
dC
b(C U
2
1
z c
L
D crit a
= + +
)
d
dC
b(C -
2c
U
L
D a
crit
+
=
)
d
dC
b(C -
mn 8
U
L
D a
1
crit
+
=
q
Since c = 2q\(mk)=4tqmn
1
(Figure 5.5 in book)
m = mass per unit length n
1
= first mode natural frequency
Galloping :
Cross sections prone to galloping :
Square section (zero angle of attack)
D-shaped cross section
iced-up transmission line or guy cable
Aeroelastic effects
Aeroelastic effects
Flutter :
Consider a two dimensional body rotating with angular velocity

Vertical velocity at leading edge : d/2

Apparent change in angle of attack : U d/2

Can generate a cross-wind force and a moment

Aerodynamic instabilities involving rotation are called flutter
Aeroelastic effects
Flutter :
General equations of motion for body free to rotate and translate :
per unit mass
H H z H
m
(t) F
z z 2 z
3 2 1
z
2
z z z
+ + + = + +


A A z A
I
M(t)
2
3 2 1
2

+ + + = + +

per unit mass moment of inertia

z
Flutter derivatives
Aeroelastic effects
Flutter :
Types of instabilities :
Name Conditions Type of motion Type of section
Galloping H
1
>0 translational Square section
Stall flutter A
2
>0 rotational Rectangle, H-
section
Classical flutter H
2
>0, A
1
>0 coupled Flat plate, airfoil

Flutter :
1
2
-0.1
-0.2
A
2
*
0.1
0
1
2
6
4
2
0
8
1
2
H
2
*
-2
A
0.4
0.3
0.2
unstable
stable
stable
Flutter derivatives for two bridge deck sections :
A
1
* 3
2
1
0
0
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
2
-6
-4
-2
0
0
H
1
*
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
2
U/nd
U/nd
Aeroelastic effects
Aeroelastic effects
Flutter :
Determination of critical flutter speed for long-span bridges:
Empirical formula (e.g. Selberg)
Experimental determination (wind-tunnel model)
Theoretical analysis using flutter derivatives obtained experimentally
Aeroelastic effects
Lock - in :
Motion-induced forces during vibration caused by vortex shedding
Frequency locks-in to frequency of vibration
Strength of forces and correlation length increased


End of Lecture 14
John Holmes
225-405-3789 JHolmes@lsu.edu