A Project Report on

PLANT KINGDOM

Presented By : Govt.
Girls Sr.Sec. School OPL
Patiala
Structural Representation
PLANT KINGDOM

CRYPTOGAMAE PHANEROGAMME
(PLANTS WITHOUT SEEDS) (SEED BEARING PLANTS)
THALLOPHYTA
GYMNOSPERMAE
BRYOPHYTA

PTERIDOPHYTA ANGIOSPERMAE
 THALLOPHYTA

Algae Fungi Lichens

 GREEN ALGAE
Green algae may occur as single cells
(which may be either motile or nonmotile), in
colonies (more often nonmotile), and as
multicellular filaments (nonmotile). Most have
cell walls made up of two layers: an inner
cellulose layer, and an outer layer of pectin.
Green algae are also found on damp soil,
attached to land plants (a few are parasitic),
and even in snow and ice.
Green algae make up the phylum
Chlorophyta. The oldest green algae are
classified in the genus Gunflintia.
Kinds of Algae

Green Algae
 RED ALGAE
The red coralline algae belong to the
phylum Rhodophyta. The red
coralline algae can incorporate
calcium carbonate into their cell
walls, giving their body a rigid,
segmented appearance and texture.
Most of the red algae have the ability
to carry on photosynthesis at much
greater depths than other types of
algae. Some species of red algae
from the Bahamas grow at depths of
nearly 270 m (880 ft).
Red Algae
 GOLDEN BROWN ALGAE
brown algae, brown algae, and diatoms form the
large and complex phylum Heterokontophyta, with
organisms ranging in size from a fraction of a
millimeter to more than 100 m (300 ft) long.
Heterokontophyta have carotenoid secondary
pigments that tend to mask the green of the primary
chlorophyll pigment, giving them a golden or
golden-brown appearance. Flagellated cells in this
phylum have two types of flagella: One is smooth,
while the other has two rows of stiff hairs running
down opposite sides of the flagellum. Algae in this
phylum typically have an eyespot that can detect
light.
Golden Brown Algae
Agaric
Penicillium
 LICHENS

Lichens are actually a combination of two entirely

different types of living organisms, an alga and a
fungus. This association is called a symbiotic
relationship. In this particular type of symbiotic
relationship neither partner can live independent of
the other. Lichens are very slow growing and can
survive very harsh environmental conditions and are
ecologically significant in that they contribute to the
weathering of solid rock.
 GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION

Lichens lack roots, but they are usually firmly

attached to the surfaces where they grow by hyphae.
Lichens grow excruciatingly slowly, adding a few
millimeters to their length or diameter in a year. The
fastest growing varieties may add no more than 30
mm (1.2 in) to their length in a year. Lichens may
have long life spans—a lichen found in West
Greenland in the Arctic is more than 4,500 years old.
 IMPORTANCE OF LICHENS

Lichens are common food for insects

and slugs. In the arctic tundra, reindeer
and caribou rely on lichens during the
winter, when no other food is available.
Several species of lichens that sprout
up through the snow are called reindeer
mosses.
 BRYOPHYTA

There are over 14,000 species of primitive

plants called mosses belonging to the
phylum Bryophyta. Most species are
terrestrial and, although requiring
abundant moisture, are highly adaptable,
living on rocks, tree trunks, stumps,
wooden buildings, and asphalt roofing
shingles. Several species are adapted for
life in bogs, swamps, and streams.
BRYOPHYTA
 PTERIDOPHYTA

The soft shield fern is cultivated for its

attractive, soft-textured foliage. This
species of fern grows to a height of 60
cm (24 in). Ferns have become a
popular domestic plant, displaying a
wide variety of sizes, colors, and
textures while being relatively easy to
grow.
TYPES OF FERN
 GYMNOSPERMAE

The term gymnosperm is derived from two

Greek words: gymnos, meaning naked, and
sperma, meaning seed. The term refers to
plants, such as pine and spruce, in which seeds
mature on the surface of cone scales. In
contrast, the term angiosperm means a seed
contained in a vessel and refers to flowering
plants, in which seeds mature within a fruit.
PHANEROGAMME (SEED BEARING PLANTS)
PHANEROGAMME
(SEED BEARING PLANTS)
 Angiosperm
Angiosperm (Latin angi-, “enclosed”; Greek
sperma, “seed”), common name for the division or
phylum comprising flowering plants, the dominant
form of plant life. Members of the division are the
source of most of the food on which humans and
other mammals rely and of many raw materials and
natural products. Included in the division are most
shrubs and herbs, most familiar trees except pines
and other conifers, and specialized plants such as
succulents, parasites, and aquatic types. Although
about 230,000 species are known, many remain
obscure.