Govt. Sen. Sec.

School
Samrala(b)
Project:- Made by :-
(Class 9th)
Cell Structure
Bhawandeep
Lovepreet
Paramvir
INTRODUCTION
Cells were first discovered by Robert hook in
1665. he observed the cells in a cork slice with
the help of a primitive microscope .
Leeuwenhoek (1674), with the improved
microscope , discovered the free living cells in
pond water for the first time. It was Robert
brown in 1831 who discovered the nucleus in
the cell . Purkinje in 1839 coined the term
“protoplasm” for the fluid substance of the cell
.the cell theory that all the plants and animals
are composed of cells and that the cell is the
basic unit of life was presented with the
discovery of the electron microscope in 1940 ,
it was possible to observe and understand the
complex structure of the cell with it.
The Cell,on the basis of their
nuclear organization have
been classified into two
categories
2. Prokaryotic cells

3. Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells

1. Generally small in size.

2. . Only single DNA strands is present.
3. Nucleolus is absent.
4. Membrane bound cell organelles are
absent.
5. Cell division by fission or budding.
Eukaryotic Cell

1. Generally large in size.

2. It contains a well organized
nucleus.
3. Several DNA Strands are
present.
4. Nucleolus is present.
5. Cell division by mitosis or
meiosis.
Cell Shape

As regard their shapes, cells shows

a great variation. Some cells such
as Amoeba and white blood cell
change their shape frequently, other
such as nerve cells and most plants
cells have a more or less fixed and
typically shape. Thus cells may
have diverse shapes such as
plyhedral,spherical,spindle
shaped,branced discoidal.
Cell Size

 Some plant and

animal cells are
visible to the
naked eye.Most
cells,are visible
only with a
microscope,since
they are only few
micrometres in
diameter,.The
smallest cell is
known as
Mycroplasma or
PPLO Ulra struture of PPLO
Cell Number

 Many organism are mad up of one

cell,they ar called unicellular. Most
of the organism are
multicellcular,they are made of
many cells.
Structure of Cells
 Cells are very small in size and can
not be seen with naked eye. Fine
structural details of cells can only
be seen under light microscope that
use light and can magnify an object
up to 2000 times and can magnify
things as much as a million times.
Cell within a body of multicultural
organisms differ in shape, size and
function.
Structure of cells under a light
microscope
CELL WALLS
 It is outer rigid protective,supportiv of plants
cell. Cell walls is generally considered to be a
non-living secretion of the protoplasm but
actually it is capable of growth .
 Function:-
 it provides a definite shape to the cell.
 It protects plasma membrane and internal
structure.
 It helps in transformational of various material
across it.
 It provides rigidly to the cells.
 Growth of the cell wall determines the growth
of the cell.
Cell membrane
 Every kind of cell is bound by a thin
,delicate, living and trilaminar
membrane called membrane
 Functions:-
 1. Plasma membrane is permeable
,therefore ,it allows only selected
substances to pass inward.
 Plasma membrane binds the semi-
fluid contents of the cells.
 It protects the cell from injury
Cytoplasm
 The space between the plasma membrane and
the nucleus is filled by an amorphous
,translucent ,homogeneous,
 Colloidal liquid called cytoplasm matrix or
cytoplasm. It consists of various inorganic
molecules. In the cytoplasm various cell
organelles are found floating
 Function:-
4. Nucleus controls cell metabolism hence it is
also called control centre of the cell.
5. All variations are caused by changes in the
genetic material present in the nucleus .
6. It directs cells differentiation and cell
replication.
Ribosome's

 These are found in all cells ,both prokaryotes

and eukaryotes except in mature sperms and
RBCs . in prokaryotic cells , they are found
floating free in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic
cells , they occur free in the cytoplasm, Each
ribosome has two sub-units a smaller sub-unit
and a larger sub-unit. Ribosome's are
composed of RNA and Protein.
 Function:-

Ribosome help in protein synthesis inside the cell

. Hence they are called protein factories of the
cell.
Mitochondria
 Each mitochondria is bounded by two unit
membranes-a smooth outer membrane and an
inner membrane which is folded inwards to
from cristae .The cristae he in a ground
substance matrix .the mitochondrial matrix
contains lipids, proteins, circular DNA and
RNA.
 Function:-
 1.Mitochondria are called the power house of
the call.
 Mitochondria provide important intermediates
for the synthesis of several biochemical .
 Synthesis of many amino acids occur in
mitochondria.
GOLGI APPARATUS

It is present around or above the

centrals in all eukaryotic cells
except mammalian “RBC’s and
mature sperms. It is absent in the
prokaryotes. It was discovered by
Camilla Golgi
Difference between plants cell
and animal cells
 Animal cells
 1. Animal cells are
generally smaller I size
and oval in shape.
 2. cell wall is absent
 3. vacuoles are small
in size and scattered.
 Golgi bodies are well
developed
 Plants cells
 1. Plants large in size
and rectangular in
shape.
 2. cell wall is present.
 3. Vacuoles are well
developed and large.
 4. The components of
Golgi bodies are
diffused in the plants
cell and are called
dictyosomes