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Regulate and manage collection of biological resources from natural habitats for ex-situ conservation purposes so as not to threaten ecosystems and in-situ populations of species, except where special temporary ex-situ measures are required
Co-operate in providing financial and other support for ex-situ conservation facilities in developing countries
The three sides to ex-situ conservation Zoos, parks and botanical gardens
Seed banks
Gene banks
The Romans took many animals out of the wild for their amphitheater antics 2
www.shoarms.com/zootails
He established Jersey zoo which opened in 1959 and introduced the idea that zoos should be used to conserve, he believed that zoos had a responsibility to save animals from extinction
www.petsyclopedia.com
Gerald Durrell
The world zoo conservation strategy; the role of the zoos and aquaria of the world in global conservation 4
A paper was written by a collaboration between the IUDZG, CBSC, IUCN and SSC It was meant to set out the future for zoos The ultimate goal is that in the future zoo collections will be co-coordinated globally But for now they look to base zoo collections on conservation objectives Suggesting that ex-situ zoo populations should be managed so as to support the survival of species in the wild
The world zoo conservation strategy; the role of the zoos and aquaria of the world in global conservation 4
This paper suggests that genetic degeneration and domestication can be minimised by co-operatively managing zoo populations
Guidelines are set out to try to maintain as much genetic variability as possible and when this is carried out properly these populations can serve as genetic reservoirs for species survival in the wild There are a few ways of maintaining genetic diversity. Many zoos keep stud books or use population management software and animal record databases e.g. ARKS or ISIS A population of 250 to 500 individuals is required to maintain genetic variability for at least 100 years Ex-situ conservation will not work for all species so subjects must be carefully chosen. Zoos must be able to maintain and breed the species and species must raise public awareness
The world zoo conservation strategy; the role of the zoos and aquaria of the world in global conservation 4
On top of keeping endangered species alive and genetically diverse zoos also have an important role to play in research
This research is relevant to in-situ conservation Zoo knowledge on the biology of small populations will become increasingly relevant to conservation of wild species when natural habitats are reduced and species ranges are fragmented
When spears were swapped for machine guns the numbers declined
Some of the introductions have been successful, others not so. If the animals get into urban areas they tend to hit power lines and drink anti-freeze
Botanical Gardens
There are estimated to be around 1600 botanical gardens throughout the world and these receive over 150 million visitors a year 2 The Botanic Gardens Conservation Institute (BGCI) was set up in 1987 and its role is to collect and make available information on plant conservation 2 These botanical gardens are important as it is estimated that 60,000 plant species could be lost in the next 50 years 2
Botanical Gardens
Botanical gardens tend to look after plants in one of the five categories below 2
Botanical Gardens
Selecting these species is hard and a number of factors must be taken into consideration 2
o Extinction risk
o Suitability of plant for ex-situ conservation o Value of plant o Ease of collection o Funds available
o Chances of success
When re-introducing it must be decided on whether seeds, seedlings or adults are going to be replaced, each has their pros and cons
Botanical Gardens 2
Another type of botanical gardens are like plantations
They provide a safe place for plants that do not take well to seed banks Problems include; o The risk of disease like any mono-culture
o Take up space
o Less genetic diversity than normal seed banks o Vulnerable to environmental disaster
Ips paraconfusus
By 1991, 840 trees had died due to the Ips beetle 30,000 seeds from 149 trees were collected
Before the trees could be re-introduced the Ips beetles had to be exterminated
www.blueplanetbiomes.org/torreypine
Seed Banks 6
Seed banks allow the storage of genetic diversity of whole plant populations
The seed is then put into an airtight container and kept at -20 C
If they do not germinate they are either dead or dormant, to distinguish between the two states the vital stain Tetrazolium is used
A few seeds are tested every ten years to check germination
2 MSC projects investigating germplasm storage of the medicinal plants of the family Amaryllidaceae
Gene Banks
Gene banks are rather like seed banks Eggs, sperm and embryos are cryogenically frozen to protect the genetic variation of a species The zoological society of San Diego has developed a frozen zoo
The frozen zoo is meant to provide materials to aid species recovery and population viability they also bank cells from species that are close to extinction
Holds frozen skin cells, DNA, RNA , semen, embryos, oocytes, ova, blood and frozen tissue They hold the genetic material from 500 Przewalskis horses, 150 western lowland gorillas, 80 black rhinos, 22 Queensland Koalas and 19 Bornean bearded pigs
Botanical gardens can help in ethno biology strengthening collections that have traditional and cultural implications 2 Re-introductions have occurred for at least 120 animal species and 15 of these are definitely established in the wild and are now self sufficient populations 4
References
1. Convention on biological diversity [cited 2006 June 25]. Available from: http://www.biodiv.org/convention 2. Worley, D., (1996) Ex situ conservation. In Spellerberg, I., editor. Conservation biology p 186-201 3. Wildlife Translocation Society [Cited 2006 June 25]. Available from: www.wta.org.za/info/history/zoos.htm 4. World Zoo conservation strategy. IUDZG/ CBSC/ IUCN/ SSC (1993). Executive summary, the world zoological conservation strategy; the role of the zoo and aquaria of the world in global conservation 5. Conservation Biology for the coming decade (2ed) (1998). Eds Fielder, P. L. and Kareiva, P. M. 6. The Millenium seed bank project [cited 2006 June 25] Available from http://www.kew.org/msbp 7. Conservation and Research for endangered species [cited 2006 June 25]. Available at: www.cres.sandiegozoo.org/projects/grfrozenzoo.html 8. Soule, M. E. (1991). Conservation tactics for a constant crisis. Science 253:744750. 9. Lewin, R. (1986) In Ecology, Change brings stability. Science 234: 1071- 1073.