WHAT IS POLLUTION

 Pollution is the contamination of Earth’s

environment with materials that interfere
with human health, the quality of life or
the natural functioning of ecosystems.
Pollution is dangerous both for plants and
animals. Man is the main creator of each
type of pollution.
 Due to transportation and factories smoke
Poisonous gases and bad smell mixes
with the surrounding air and resulting air
pollution.
1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Soil Pollution
4. Sound Pollution
WHAT IS AIR
POLLUTION
 Air Pollution, addition of harmful substances
to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the
environment, human health, and quality of
life
 Air pollution occurs inside homes, schools,
and offices; in cities; across continents; and
even globally
Causes of Air Pollution
The main reasons of Air Pollution are :-
 The smoke coming out of the chimneys of Industries
 Burning of Fossil Fuels in Automobiles and in
Industries.
 Use of Chloro-flouro Carbon (CFC) which are the
root cause of depletion of ozone layer resulting in
the formation of ozone hole in the atmosphere.
 The SO2 gas present in air mixes with water
vapours to form sulphuric acid (H2SO4) which falls
on plants and buildings thereby causing irrepairable
loss.
Contd..
 Sources of major air pollutants include
individual actions, such as driving a car, and
industrial activities, such as manufacturing
products or generating electricity. Note: 1
cubic meter (1m3) is equal to 35.3 cu ft; 1
milligram (1 mg) is equal to 0.00004 oz; 1
microgram (1µg) is equal to 0.00000004 oz.
 PollutantMajor SourcesNotesCarbon
monoxide (CO)Motor-vehicle exhaust; some
industrial processesHealth standard: 10
mg/m3 (9 ppm) over 8 hr;
• Water Pollution, contamination of
streams, lakes, underground water,
bays, or oceans by substances
harmful to living things.
• Due to chemical wastes and waste
materials our rivers, streams are
being polluted and man is
responsible for the water pollution
The main causes of water pollution are

 The liquid industrial wastes coming out of

the industry are polluting the land water
thus effecting the agricultural land and
the drinking water.
 This industrial wastes are also polluting
the river water & thus effecting the sea
water.
 The radio active wastes of the nuclear
power plants are being thrown in to the
sea thus causing a great damage to the
sea life.
The major water pollutants are
chemical, biological, or physical
materials that degrade water quality.
Pollutants can be classed into eight
categories, each of which presents
its own set of hazards.
Pollution: From Air to
Water
Pollution: From Air to Water
 Emissions from the burning of fossil
fuels, especially oxides of sulfur,
nitrogen, or carbon, combine with
water vapor in the air to form acids.
These acids fall to earth as acid rain,
acid snow, and acid deposition.
Flowing water carries these acids into
streams and lakes, where they can
damage delicate lake ecosystems
Industrial Water Pollution
 Industrial pollutants that run into streams, rivers,
or lakes can have serious effects on wildlife,
plants, and humans.
 In the United States there are strict rules for the
amount and composition of substances that
factories can release into bodies of water.
 These rules are not always enforced, and much
industrial water pollution comes from accidental
chemical or oil spills.
 Spruce Forest Damaged by
Acid Rain
 Forests, lakes, ponds, and other terrestrial and
aquatic environments throughout the world are
being severely damaged by the effects of acid
rain.
 Acid rain is caused by the combination of sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen compounds with water in
the atmosphere to produce rain with a very low
pH.
 Normally, rainwater has a pH of 6.5, making it
slightly acidic.
 Contd…
 However, with the addition of sulfur and
nitrogen compounds, the pH of rainwater
may drop to as low as 2.0 or 3.0, making
it dangerously acidic.
 In addition to chemically burning the
leaves of plants, acid rain poisons lake
water, which kills most if not all of the
aquatic inhabitants
 Wastewater
Treatment
 Wastewater Treatment Raw sewage includes
waterborne waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial
processes.
 Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be
safely buried, used, or released back into local water
systems.
 In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a
series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes
to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The three general
phases of treatment are primary, secondary, and
tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage
of the suspended solids and inorganic material is
 Due to sound of vehicles,
loudspeakers in the loud volume is
the cause of sound pollution
 Unwanted sound, or noise, such as
that produced by airplanes, traffic, or
industrial machinery, is considered a
form of pollution. Noise pollution is at
its worst in densely populated areas.
 Sounds are produced by objects
that vibrate at a rate that the ear
can detect. This rate is called
frequency and is measured in
hertz
Sound
Intensities
 Sound intensities are measured in decibels
(dB). For example, the intensity at the
threshold of hearing is 0 dB, the intensity of
whispering is typically about 10 dB, and the
intensity of rustling leaves reaches almost 20
dB.
 Sound intensities are arranged on a
logarithmic scale, which means that an
increase of 10 dB corresponds to an increase
in intensity by a factor of 10. Thus, rustling
leaves are about 10 times louder than
whispering.
PROBLEMS
 Even at levels below those that cause
hearing loss, noise pollution produces
problems. Noise makes conversation
difficult, interferes with some kinds of
work, and disturbs sleep. As a source
of stress, it can promote high blood
pressure and other cardiovascular
problems, as well as nervous
disorders
Contd…
 Noise also puts stress on domestic animals
and wildlife. In remote areas, helicopters and
military aircraft often frighten animals.
 Factory workers, construction workers,
farmers, military personnel, police officers,
firefighters, and musicians all have reason to
be concerned about their occupational
exposure to noise.
• Soil pollution is a buildup of toxic chemical
compounds, salts, pathogens (disease-causing
organisms), or radioactive materials that can
affect plant and animal life
• Soil is a mixture of mineral, plant, and animal
materials that forms during a long process that
may take thousands of years. It is necessary for
most plant growth and is essential for all
agricultural production
• soil pollution, and enhanced erosion.
Treating the soil with chemical
fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides
interferes with the natural processes
occurring within the soil and destroys
useful organisms such as bacteria,
fungi, and other microorganisms. For
instance, strawberry farmers in
California fumigate the soil with
methyl bromide to destroy organisms
that may harm young strawberry
Contd….
 This process indiscriminately kills even
beneficial microorganisms and leaves the soil
sterile and dependent upon fertilizer to support
plant growth. This results in heavy fertilizer use
and increases polluted runoff into lakes and
streams.
 Improper irrigation practices in areas with poorly
drained soil may result in salt deposits that
inhibit plant growth and may lead to crop failure.
Components of Municipal Solid
Waste
Components of Municipal
Solid Waste
 A person living in an industrialized nation
produces a great variety of solid waste, often a
mix of potentially reusable or recyclable items
(such as paper and yard waste) and largely
nonrecyclable material (such as food waste and
many types of plastic). Of the municipal solid
waste (the waste collected from residences and
businesses) produced in the United States in
2000, about two-fifths of the paper, metal, and
yard waste was recycled, and about one-quarter
of the glass was recycled.
 Economic and sanitary considerations are
the principal reasons for the increased
number of cremations in recent years.
Expanding populations have created land
shortages, causing space for burial plots to
become scarce and expensive. In addition,
in-ground burial can contaminate water
supplies for entire communities. This is
especially serious when death has been
caused by a highly contagious disease.
 Ef fects of Pol luti on on
Heal th
 pollutants in the soil account for about 2 percent of all
cancer deaths in the country, particularly due to lung
and bladder cancer.
 Lung cancer rates are generally higher in cities, where
increased industry and automobile traffic produce air
pollution. Some people encounter carcinogenic
chemicals in their working environment.
 Occupational carcinogens account for about 10
percent of all Indian cancer deaths and include such
industrial chemicals as benzene, asbestos, vinyl
chloride, aniline dyes, arsenic, and certain petroleum
products.
 Methods to Control Pollution
• Pollution is controlled in two ways: with
end-of-the-pipe devices that capture
pollutants already created and by limiting
the quantity of pollutants produced in the
first place.
• End-of-the-pipe devices include catalytic
converters in automobiles and various
kinds of filters and scrubbers in industrial
plants.
• In a catalytic converter, exhaust gases
pass over small beads coated with metals
that promote reactions changing harmful
 Contd…
• Indoor pollution control must be accomplished building by
building or even room by room.
• Proper ventilation mimics natural outdoor air currents,
reducing levels of indoor air pollutants by continually
circulating fresh air.
•After improving ventilation, the most effective single step is
probably banning smoking in public rooms. Where asbestos
has been used in insulation, it can be removed or sealed behind
sheathes so that it won’t be shredded and get into the air.
Sealing foundations and installing special pipes and pumps
can prevent radon from seeping into buildings.
 Govt.Sr.Sec.School,
chawinda Devi, Amritsar
• MADE BY:- CLASS 8TH
SEEMA
GEETA
RAMANDEEP KAUR
CHANPREET KAUR
AMANDEEP KAUR
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