Haramaya University Institute Of Technology School Of Natural Resource And Environmental Engineering Department Of Irrigation Engineering

Graduate seminar
Click to edit Master subtitle style Effect of Dam Construction In Local People and Its Environment
Eskindir Masresha SGS/ 347/02

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1. Introduction
DAM

A dam is defined as a barrier or structure across a stream, river or waterway to confine and then control the flow of water. ICOLD

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Type of Dams

Reservoir-type storage

impound water behind the dam for seasonal, annual and, in some cases, multi-annual storage and regulation of the river.

Run-of-river dams

weirs and barrages, and diversion dams create a hydraulic head in the river to divert some portion of the river flows to a canal or power station.

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contd
According to construction material(common types): Concrete

Gravity dams Arch dams Buttress dams Earth fill dams

Embankment
-

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Rock fill dams

2. Objective

To review literatures on effect of dam construction on local people and its environment.

Positive impact Negative impact

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Direct Water Usage

3. Importance of Dam/ positive impacts

Private / Domestic - Household purposes, Commercial - Restaurants, hotels, golf courses, etc. Livestock Use for animal General public supply Firefighting, public parks, municipal office buildings 4/21/12

Contd
Indirect Uses:

Hydroelectric Power 19 % of electricity from hydropower more than 50% in 63 countries Flood Control 75 countries have dams for flood control ( three gorge, Aswan) Transportation (three gorge Dam, Aswan) Recreation Artificial leaks 4/21/12

4. Negative impacts of Dam

Physical impact Ecological impact Social impact Economical Impact

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4.1 Physical impacts

Deterioration of Water quality

temperature (increase) Salinity Water pollution (industries, domestic)

Reservoir sedimentation Loss of Land(upstream) Stagnant Water Table(u/s) Dust, Noise pollution from Construction Reservoirs induced seismicity
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Contd
Flow Reduction (Down stream)(Gilgel Gibe III)

Change in natural flood patterns(erosion)

Flooding of downstream (faulty design, war), San Roque dam Philippines ,oct 2009

Disrupt sediment transportation(d/s) Evaporative Losses

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4.2 Ecological Impacts

Loss of Terrestrial resources Green house gases (CO2,Methen) Floating Aquatic Vegetation Fish and other aquatic lives

Exotic species introduction (Aswan introduce new 6 species and destroy 2 species)

Nutrition content(decrease) O2 content (lower)

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4.3 Social impact

Involuntary displacement/Resettlement
people whose houses are submerged; people whose agricultural lands are submerged people whose lands are appropriated for agricultural development.

Aswan (120,000), (Sardar Sarovar dam >1 mil . Loss land, 91,000 acres, 3G 1.2-1.9 mil. People and 100000acres)

Loss of cultural property(Archeological, Egypt, China Water related diseases

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Waterborne e.g. Cholera, typhoid

4.4 Economical impact

In operation less efficient to recover the investment cost

Large dams designed for irrigation did not recover investment cost.

Hydropower generation, they tend to meet their financial targets with variable economic performance, but in general were below target for power generation.

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5. Mitigation Measures

effectively watershed management can minimize sedimentation choose dam sites that minimize the flooding of land in general, and forests in particular. Management of water releases may be needed for the survival of certain fish Fish passage facilities (fish ladders, elevators, or trap-and-truck operations)
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Contd

Pollution control and pre-impoundment selective forest clearing public health measures should include preventive measures Water pollution control measures (such as sewage treatment plants or enforcement of industrial regulations) new job training, or other income restoration assistance, as needed. For displaced peoples 4/21/12

6. Conclusion

Carry out properly EIA and SIA (consider all

stakeholders)

Construct multipurpose dams rather single purpose (Keban Dam in Turkey, Aswan) Low-Head Hydropower - Extract energy from small headwater dams. Run-of-River Flow - Submerged directly in stream and usually do not require dam or diversion structure. Micro-Hydro Generators - Small versions designed 4/21/12

Contd

Use other energy sources which has no environmental effect Wind, solar Water harvesting, water conservation, make existing water system and irrigation schemes more efficient

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Keban Dam

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Shih-Kang weir Dam Earthquake in 1999. Now the broken part of the dam is left in situ and open to public in memory of the devastating 921 Earthquake in Taiwan.

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Thank you! ???

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