Leukopoiesis (production of leukocytes)

Leukopoiesis
(production of
leukocytes)
Monocytes eventually
enter the tissues and
become macrophages.
T cells (thymocytes)
are formed in bone
marrow then migrate
to the cortex of the
thymus to undergo
maturation in an
antigen-free
environment for about
one week where only
2-4% of the T cells
succeed.
T helper T cytotoxic
T memory T suppressor cells B cells becomes a plasma cell
 Leukocytosis
A raise in WBCs count above the normal range (11,000
WBCs/1 mm3).
 Leukocytosis is not a disorder or a disease but it may be a
sign of illness.
It is simply a laboratory finding. It is very common in acutely
ill patients.
35–85
Infections (viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic),

Cancer,

Hemorrhage,
Burns
Vigorous exercise,
Intense excitement and
Exposure to certain medications or chemicals (e.G.
Cortisone-like drugs, lithium, steroids).
 Leukocytosis
A raise in WBCs count above the normal range (11,000
WBCs/1 mm3).
 Leukocytosis is not a disorder or a disease but it may be a
sign of illness.
It is simply a laboratory finding. It is very common in acutely
ill patients.
35–85
Infections (viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic),

Cancer,

Hemorrhage,
Burns
Vigorous exercise,
Intense excitement and
Exposure to certain medications or chemicals (e.G.
Cortisone-like drugs, lithium, steroids).
 leukopenia (leucopenia).
A decrease in white blood cell count in the circulating blood
below the normal range (4,000 – 5,000 WBCs/ 1mm3)
Primary causes of leukopenia include the extensive
neutrophil use or the reduction in the number of neutrophils
produced in the blood.
Leukopenia has been scientifically proven to be related to
heredity

Secondary causes of Leukopenia could be stimulated by:

Drugs generating an allergic reaction.

Also, it is caused by cancer,

Radiation therapy,

Chemotherapy, and

Rheumatoid arthritis and other causes.

 Leukemia (leucemia) (leukaemia)
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is
characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells
usually WBCs.
Many of these leukocytes are immature.
Also, abnormal production of WBCs inhibits normal
production of RBCs resulting in severe anaemia. So, it is a
fatal disease.

Leukemias are classified into:

@ Lymphocytic (lymphoblastic) leukemias,

The cancerous change took place in a type of bone marrow

@ Myeloid (myelogenous) leukemias,

The cancerous change took place in a type of bone marrow

cell that normally goes on to form rbcs, some types of wbcs
and
 Leukemia (leucemia) (leukaemia)

There is no single known cause for all of the different types of

leukemia.
Researchers have strong suspicions about four possible
carcinogenic substances which are:

1- Natural or artificial ionizing radiation.

2- Certain kinds of chemicals e.g. petrochemicals such as

benzene, hair dyes, ….. etc.

3- Some viruses such as HIV.

4- Genetic predispositions.
 Blood groups (blood types)
A blood group (type) is a classification of blood
based on the presence or absence of antigens on
the surface of RBCs.
An antigen is a substance that prompts the
generation of antibodies.

The functions of many of the blood group antigens

are not known, and if they are missing from the
red blood cell membrane, there is no ill effect.

These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates,

glycoproteins, or glycolipids.

Blood groups are inherited.

A total of 29 human blood group systems are now recognized
including the ABO and Rh systems.
Abbrevia
No. Common name Abbreviation No. Common name
tion
01 ABO ABO 16 Chido/Rodgers CH/RG
02 Rhesus RH 17 Hh/Bombay H
03 MNS MNS 18 Kx XK
04 P P1 19 Gerbich GE
05 Lutheran LU 20 Cromer CROM
06 Kell KEL 21 Knops KN
07 Lewis LE 22 Indian IN
08 Duffy FY 23 Ok OK
09 Kidd JK 24 Raph MER2
10 Diego DI 25 JMH JMH
11 Yt or Cartwright YT 26 Ii I
12 XG XG 27 Globoside P
13 Scianna SC 28 GIL GIL
14 Dombrock DO Landsteiner
29 LW
15 Colton CO -Wiener
 ABO blood groups (types)
Not all blood groups are compatible with each
other.

Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood

clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for
individuals.
Any individual that lacks any one of the antigens
will develop antibodies against it at birth.

Karl Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of

both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.
Cats have 3 blood types, cattle have 11, dogs have 12, pigs
have 16 and horses have 34.
 Possible inherited genotypes
Blood Red cells
Antibodies Genotypes
group antigens
Anti-B
A A Antigens AA or AO
antibodies
Anti-A
B B Antigens BB or BO
antibodies
AB A & B Antigens None OO
Anti-A & Anti-B
O None AB
antibodies

Percentage of the population with each blood type

+
Rh -
Rh
O 38.5% 6.5%
A 34.3% 5.7%
B 8.6% 1.4%
AB 4.3% 0.7%
 Blood
transfusion

Blood group O-negative

does not have any
antigens. So, it is called
universal donor
because it is compatible
with any blood type.

Type AB-positive blood is called the universal

recipient because a person who has it can receive
blood of any type.
‫الى اللقـــــاء القــــــــادم‬