Database Management

Systems
Data Management
 One of the primary functions of computer
systems, over the years.
 Various forms, technologies have emerged in
this area.
 Information being the primary need,
organization of data is the key.
 Simplest to most complex of systems rely on
databases.
Data Management
 To make large amounts of information easier for
humans to understand.
 Any time you keep track of information with some type
of organized system, you are managing a database.
 E.g calendar, personal phone book,
book and 'to do' list are
all databases, even if you commonly write them with
pencil (or crayon!) The telephone book is a database.
Any time you keep a list of any sort, you are forming a
sort of database. Databases have been an important
information management tool since written language
began.
 Databases – Origin

 One of the most powerful applications of computers is the capability to

store, organize, and retrieve large quantities of data.
 An organized collection of data is referred to as a database.
 Electronic databases are much more flexible and powerful than their
paper ancestors.
 Have become the largest application areas in the industry today,
especially in verticals like BFSI, Retail etc. where large amount of
information needs to be processed on a regular basis.
 All popular ERP, SCM, CRM systems, work on a Complex Database system
in the background.
DBMS
 The programs designed to manipulate databases are
known as database management systems, commonly
abbreviated as DBMS.
 Primary functions
– Data definition tools : Set up brand new databases
– Data manipulation tools : User interaction tools
– Querying tools : Information seeking and searching
– Report tools : Reporting and presenting
Types Of DBMS
 Read - Only Databases
– Internet search engines, on-line card catalogs, airline reservation
systems.

 Pre-defined databases
– Telephone directory, yellow pages

 Flat - file DBMS

– FoxPro, C, Focus etc.

 RDBMS
– Oracle, Sybase, Ingress, Informix,Paradox, Access, SQL Server,
DB2
– DBMS packages come in all flavours, from fairly straightforward
point - and click to cryptic but very powerful programming
languages.
RDBMS – Products
 Oracle  Products that have
 Sybase sustained their
 Informix market share are
 Ingress
 Oracle Database
 DB2
 Access  Microsoft SQL Server
 Sql Server
 My SQL  IBM DB2
 SQL Anywhere
Oracle – A Flashback
 Oracle was formed 26 years back, and
launched the world’s first RDBMS in 1979.
 Recent Innovations..

 Oracle 8i - 2001
– Product Of The Year In 2001.
– Base For Future Releases.
– Launch pad For the J2EE Framework.
– Highest Selling Database Product Ever.
 Oracle 9i – 2002
– World’s most popular database
– Real application clusters
– Database and Application server in one
 Oracle database 10g - 2003
– A revolution in database technology
– Introduction to Enterprise Grid computing
– Lowering costs while delivering highest quality of service
– Ever highest TPC-C rating of over a million transactions per minute
The Most Popular Database..

15.22%

39.72%
11.19%

Oracle
IBM DB2
SQL Server
Others

33.87%

Source: IDC 2007

 Oracle Databases power more than 54%
of ERP installations .
The Marketplace
 Oracle9i Database wins
the prestigious
PC Magazine
Editor's Choice Award,
scoring a perfect 5 of 5.
 Oracle9i Database
awarded
Best Linux Database by
Linux Journal.
 Intelligence Enterprise
readers vote Oracle #1.
 Oracle ranked
Number One for Business Intel
--DM Review.

Source: The FactPoint Group, April 2008

 The Marketplace
 Implementations: Boeing,
Coca-Cola, Exxon-Mobil, Ford,
GM, and Lockheed Martin.
 Largest Databases:
 Korea Telecom: Largest OLTP
database in terms of both
overall database size, at 2,258
GBs of data, and number of
rows, with 5,886 million rows.
 Samsung SDS used an Oracle
database to record the highest
peak performance of 2,500
transactions per second

In the Fortune 100, Oracle is #1 with 93%

market share in 2007
The Marketplace
 An independent survey found Informix
customers three times more likely to migrate
to Oracle9i Database than to IBM DB2.
 The survey of 230 Informix customers found
41% of migrations went to Oracle versus,
14% to IBM.
 44% plan to migrate in the next 12 months,
and they are three times more likely to
choose Oracle.

Source : Harte-Hanks Research

The Marketplace

Oracle enjoys a
50% market
share on
modern
operating
systems (UNIX,
Linux,
Windows)
Source : GIGA Research
More than all
Future Of Oracle

 The OCP program almost tripled in size

(from 30,000 to 80,000) in the last
year, with much of that growth coming
from Oracle's flagship DBA title.
"There's a lot of Oracle around, and it
will continue to be around."

Source: Wilson Research

Oracle Products Overview
Internet Computing
Oracle Internet Platform
 How many major products does Oracle
have?

– A: <5
– B: 5-20
– C: 21-50
– D: >50
 The IT Nightmare
High Value To

20% OfBusiness
Budget Processes
The Business

80% Of Budget
Low Value To
Infrastructure The Business
Why Is Infrastructure So
Expensive ?
Too Many Incompatible Pieces
Application
Frameworks Content
Management
Web Servers Mobile
Computing Directory

Security
Databases
Management
ORBs Messaging Tools

Portals Business
Intelligence
 Oracle’s Promise

High Value To Specific

The Business
Business Applications

80% Of Budget
Standard
20% Of Budget
Low Value To
The Business
Business Applications
Infrastructure
Complete, Therefore Simple
 Scalable, Reliable, Secure
Oracle Internet Platform
e-business
e-business
Application
Portals
Development

e-business Foundation e-business

Intelligence For Deployment
e-business

e-business
Integration
Oracle9i Database
 Manages All Your Data
Object Relational Data

Multimedia

Documents

XML

Messages
Scalability, Real Application
Clusters
 Out-Of-The-Box, Near-Linear Scaling
 Transparent, No Application Redesign Required
 Works With ALL Applications
Oracle 9i Real Application
Clusters
 Fast Growth Clusters
– Rapidly Add Nodes And Disk
 Vendor Independent Architecture
– Linux, NT, AIX, Solaris, Sun, HP, Compaq
Oracle9i Real Application
Clusters
 Unlimited Reliability
– More Computers = More Reliable
Application

Oracle Real Application Cluster

 Oracle Leads in Database Market Share
4,000
O racle
Inform ix
S ybase
3,000
MS SQ L S erver
D B 2 (U n ix+ N T )

2,000

1,000

0
Q2 '94 Q1'9 5 Q 4'95 Q3 '96 Q 2'97 Q1 '98 Q 4'9 8 Q3 '99 Q2'0 0 Q 1'01

urce: Oracle Internal Reporting, SEC filing, Dataquest

Oracle9i Application Server
 Runs All Your Applications ...
Portals

A Transactional Apps
P
A
C Business Intelligence
H
E
Integration
 Oracle9i Application Server
 … Now Faster Than Ever
Web Portals DB
Cache Cache

A Transactional Apps
P
A
C Business Intelligence
H
E
Integration
Oracle iAS Architecture
Web Communication Presentatio Business Logic Data
Acceleration Services n Services Management
Services Services Services
Servlets/ Java Stored
JSPs Procedures
Oracle EJBs
HTTP XML/XSL
Server
PL/SQL CORBA
Oracle Web
Cache Oracle Oracle
PERL BC4J Data
Cache
Oracle PL/SQL
Wireless Reports
Services
Forms
Portal
other
Discoverer
DB

System Services

Enterprise Manager, Advanced Security, OID (client)

 Internet Developer Suite (iDS)
 Development
tools are used to:
– Design
databases and
applications
Designer Developer Reports
– Build databases
and applications
– Increase quality
and productivity
JDeveloper Portal Discoverer
 Any Development Approach

Designer UML Visual-Modeling

Java-SQL-XML
SQL-PL/SQL
Productivity

Forms JDeveloper Declarative

t a l
Por
le
CherokeeOrac BC4J Components

PSP JDeveloper Coding

Flexibility
 Oracle Technology Network
 http://otn.oracle.com

Sample Code
Web Forums
Documentation
EAPs and Betas
Migration Tools
Trial Licences
Developer Software
> 1 500 000 members globally
Oracle Magazine Interactive
 Oracle Magazine
 Profit: The Oracle Applications
Magazine
 Subscribe for FREE!
 Available online:
– http://www.oracle.com/oramag
Oracle Internet Platform
 How many major products does Oracle
have?

– A: 1
– B: 3
– C: 5
– D: 7
Complete, Therefore Simple
 Scalable, Reliable, Secure
Why to Team With Oracle?
 Best Companies to Work For – They Use Oracle
 Leading Edge Products and Projects
 High Market Demand for Oracle Professionals
 Oracle9i Memory Model
Aggregated Dynamic SGA
PGA Memory Maximum SGA
Most recently
accessed DB Unused
blocks
Server For changing the
Fixed – General DB Info
Process 1 Max, DB must
Shared Pool be started up
A private PGA “Advice Buffer Cache
memory Statistics”
region base on the Library Cache Components can
allocated by workload exchange memory
Oracle
Server Java Pool within themselves
when a DB
Process 2
server
Large Pool
process is PGA
created Metadata and Variable: Others A memory region
... SQL execution
Database Buffer Cache where the Oracle
plans instance allocates
Server all the shared
Process N data & control
structures
PGA
Redo Log Buffers

Process Global Areas System Global Areas

Oracle DBA

HOW TO BE AN
ORACLE DBA
What is a database?
It is a collection of structured
data such as…
– a cookbook
– a telephone book
– a dictionary
– a speed dialer
What are some examples of
databases used every day?
An Example of Using a
Database…

A trip to the bank

 Withdraw money from an ATM
 ATM accesses the bank’s database
 Programs process the information
 You get money
What data is stored in an ATM 
database?
 Information required to identify the 
account
 Information about balances
 Information composed of logical 
subunits
What’s an Oracle database and how has it 
evolved?
 Databases are complex software programs 
used to handle, store, and organize data. 
 Databases are becoming bigger and more 
complex.
 Database administration has become a 
complex craft.
 DBA tasks have changed and DBA status has 
increased.
Being a DBA…
Do you have what it takes?
 Are you able to work well with little or no 
sleep?
 Are you willing to receive urgent phone 
calls in the middle of the night?
 Are you prepared to have a low profile until 
there’s a problem?
 Would you mind the pressure of being 
under scrutiny when problems occur?
Being a DBA…
Do you have what it takes?
 Do you enjoy working with people, and are 
you able to tolerate them interrupting your 
work?
 Would you be able to work with Oracle 
Worldwide Support?
 Do you like to solve puzzles?
 Do you mind working odd hours?
Being a DBA…
Do you have what it takes?
 Are you willing to always be learning more 
about Oracle?
 Are you willing to learn new operating 
systems?
 Are you willing to be constantly learning 
new tools and new languages?
What are your thoughts about
requirements of DBA work?
Types of DBAs
Systems or Operational DBA
 Monitors instances and servers
 Makes structural changes to the database
 Works with application development team to 
optimize database solution

Architectural DBA
 Works  with  application  development  team  to 
optimize database solution
Types of DBAs (cont.)
Application DBA
 Does more coding to provide end­user solutions 
or foundations for other applications 
development

Data DBA
 Insures data integrity and is involved with data 
cleansing
 Works with data modelers to convert the data 
model into a physical database
Database Administrative
Tasks
Top priorities within each task are to:
 Optimize performance of the database
 Assure reliability, accessibility, and 
recoverability of the database
Database Administrative
Tasks (cont.)
Software Installations and Upgrades
 Familiarize yourself with new releases
 Decide when to test the new releases
 Create test environment
 Verify software is basically working correctly
Database Administrative
Tasks (cont.)
Database Actions
 Determine storage requirements
 Allocate space
 Design and implement backup and recovery plan
 Monitor and coordinate database recovery with the 
site disaster recovery plan
 Monitor database performance
Database
Administrative Tasks
(cont.)
Database Actions (cont.)
 Ongoing tuning
 Monitor table and tablespace growth and 
fragmentation
 Document the database’s configuration and 
parameters
 Test backup and recovery plan
Database Administrative
Tasks (cont.)
Systems Issues
 Actions taken at the operating system level or 
that interact with the OS level.
 Housecleaning tasks such as disk space 
maintenance and space management.
 Ongoing tuning and working with systems 
administrator to coordinate operating system 
tuning
Database Administrative
Tasks (cont.)
Systems Issues (cont.)
 Monitor space usage
 Coordinate software upgrades with systems 
administrator
 Research, evaluate, and recommend DBA tools
Database Administrative
Tasks (cont.)
Train Yourself and Others
 Provide information to users and developers
 Train backup DBAs, operations center staff, and others 
as needed
 Attend training classes and user group conferences
 Subscribe to and read Oracle magazines and journals
 Subscribe to and read Oracle listservs and usenet 
groups
Database Administrative
Tasks (cont.)
Working with Developers
 Know normal developer tool behavior so you can 
diagnose problems accurately.  
 Log TARs, apply patches, and work with 
developers to evaluate fixes
 Assist developers with design issues and help 
solve problems
Database Administrative
Tasks (cont.)
Security 
 Set and maintain Oracle passwords
 Create accounts and grant privileges, then document 
what you did
 Use audit as appropriate
 Change control procedures
Database Administrative
Tasks (cont.)
Database Standards
 Database creation standards
 Naming conventions
 Procedures
 Documentation standards
 Handbook or manual or DBA documentation
A DBA Career Progression
Beginning a DBA Career
 Includes routine tasks, especially administering 
users and objects 
 File Technical Assistance Requests (TARs) with 
Oracle Support
 Install software 
 Learn Oracle and SQL
A DBA Career
Progression (cont.)
As You Learn…
 Plan backup and recovery for your 
databases
 Automate functions
 Perform regular tuning
 Sharpen skills, sometimes by attending 
conferences
 Become familiar with the latest Oracle 
versions
A DBA Career
Progression (cont.)
The Experienced DBA
 Plan and coordinate the testing and implementation of 
new releases
 Advise management on licensing issues
 Develop a disaster recovery plan
 Train and mentor others
 Document the databases
A DBA Career
Progression (cont.)
The Experienced DBA (cont.)
 Define standards
 Develop procedures
 Capacity planning
 Recommend tools
 Advise management
Education and Employment:
Where to go to learn…

 Oracle courses are offered at many 
colleges and technical schools.
 Some schools even offer DBA programs.
 You can also take Oracle training classes.
The Oracle Certified Professional 
Program (cont.)
Areas
 DBA 9i now offered
 DBA 8 has been retired
 Database operator (DBO)
 Applications Developers
The Oracle Certified Professional 
Program (cont.)
Tests for DBA 9i
 SQL and PL/SQL(iz0­007)
 Database Administration(iz0­031)
 Backup and Recovery(iz0­032)
 Performance Tuning(iz0­033)
The Oracle Certified Professional 
Program (cont.)
SQL and PL/SQL exam topics
 SQL and PL/SQL language and syntax
 DDL, DML, and DCL
 Data modeling and database design
 Oracle Procedure Builder
The Oracle Certified Professional 
Program (cont.)
Database Administration exam topics 
 Database architecture
 Database startup and shutdown
 Creating a database
 Managing a database
 Database auditing
 NLS features
 Database utilities
The Oracle Certified Professional 
Program (cont.)
Backup and Recovery Workshop exam topics
 Backup and recovery motives and models
 Backup and recovery architecture
 Recovery methods and archive logging procedures
 High availability considerations
 Standby databases
 Troubleshooting
The Oracle Certified Professional 
Program (cont.)
Performance Tuning Workshop exam topics
 Diagnosis of performance problems
 Optimal flexible architecture (OFA) standards
 Tuning the shared pool, buffer cache, rollback segments, 
redo logs, sorts, and so on
 Detecting and fixing lock contention
The Oracle Certified Professional 
Program (cont.)
Performance Tuning Workshop exam topics (cont.)
 Block usage
 OLTP vs. DSS vs. combination 
 Load optimization
The Oracle Certified Professional 
Program (cont.)
Test procedures
 Must pass all four tests to receive certification
 Can pass the tests in any order
 If student fails a test, must wait a month to take 
it again
 Books and courses are available to help 
prepare for the tests
The Oracle Certified Professional 
Program (cont.)
Test procedures (cont.)
 If student passes the four tests, certificate is 
automatically awarded
 Student can then use OCP logo
 Exams are continually updated
Job Roles for Database
professionals..
 Job Role: Data Warehouse Administrator  Job Role: Data Warehouse Administrator
Path: Oracle9i Path: Oracle9i
Level: Associate Level: Professional
 Job Role: Data Warehouse Analyst
Path: Oracle9i Warehouse Builder  Job Role: Database Administrator
Level: Associate Path: Oracle9i
Level: Professional
 Job Role: Database Administrator
Path: Oracle9i  Job Role: Business Intelligence Developer
Level: Associate Path: Oracle9i Discoverer
Level: Associate
 Job Role: Developer
Path: Oracle9i Forms
Level: Associate  Job Role: Developer
 Path: Oracle9i Reports Path: Oracle9i Designer Forms
Level: Associate Level: Associate
 Path: Oracle9i Designer Web
 Job Role: Portal Developer Level: Associate
Path: Oracle9iAS Release 2 Java  Path: Oracle9i Forms
Level: Associate Level: Associate
 Path: Oracle9iAS Release 2 PL/SQL - Portlet  Path: Oracle9i Reports
Developer Level: Associate
Level: Associate