)William Harvey )1578-1657

In 1628William Harvey described

accurately the blood circulatory system
though he could not figure out how blood
was transferred from arteries to veins. The
riddle was solved a few years after Harvey’s
death byMarcello Malpighi, who using the
newly-invented microscope discovered the
capillary network.Harvey was the first person
to adopt the scientific method for the solution
of biological problems. Every true scientist,
.since, has followed Harvey’s approach
 Functions of blood
Transport of:
O2 and CO2
Nutrients
Metabolic waste
Enzymes and hormones

Acid-base balance

Clotting reaction

Defense against
toxins and pathogens

Body temperature
homeostasis
Blood circulatory systems
Pulmonary system

Systemic system
Blood circulatory systems

Pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems

 Blood vessels

Large veins Elastic arteries

Medium veins Muscular arteries

Venules Arterioles
Capillary bed
Capillary bed
 Endothelial cells
• All blood and lymph vessels are lined by endothelial cells

• The total number of endothelial cells is enormous

)estimated as 6 x 1023 cells)

• Endothelial cells cover an enormous area )700-1000m2)

• Total weight of all endothelial cells is about 1.5kg

• Endothelial cells have many functions including secretion

of a wide range of local factors )such as nitric oxide)
 Blood vessels of the hand

”Gunter van Hagen ”Korperwelten

 Blood vasculature of upper body

”Gunter van Hagen ”Korperwelten

 Blood vasculature of the head

”Gunter van Hagen ”Korperwelten

General structure of blood vessels
Muscular artery

Venule
General structure of blood vessels
Small muscular artery
Small muscular artery
Small muscular artery
Small muscular artery – elastin stain
Small muscular artery
 Arterial elastic membranes

Medium artery – elastic stain Aorta – elastic stain

 Aorta
Elastic membranes ofT. media
 Elastic membranes of aorta

Arrows indicate nuclei of smooth muscle cells

Neurovascular bundle

Nerve bundles

Arteriole

Venule
Microcirculation

arteriole

venule

capillary

arteriole
 Vessels of mesentery

Arterioles
and venules

Small vein
with valves
Small vein

Vein with valve

Microvasculature
Microvasculature
Capillaries
 Capillaries
)Endothelial cells )arrows
Capillaries draining into a venule
Venule
Microvasculature
Continuous and fenestrated capillaries
Capillary from cardiac muscle
 Pinocytosis in continuous capillary

Endothelial cell
Fenestrated capillary

Fenestrae
Characteristics of blood vessels and function
Blood vascular disorders
• Inflammation
• Aneurysm
• Atherosclerosis
• Arteriosclerosis
• Hypertension
• Deep vein thrombosis
• Varicose veins
Lymphatic vascular system
Lymph capillary
)Lymphatic vessel )with valves
)Lymphatic vessel )lymph node
Arteriole ,vein ,lymph vessels
)Lymph node hilus)
Vessels in portal area of liver
Lymphatic vessel in loose connective tissue

arteriole lymphatic vessel venule

Lymphatic capillary
Circulation of lymphocytes