The National School of Administration 1 CSP

Agriculture in Tunisia:
Reality and Challenges
By Ines Kharrat Teacher : Mr Hassan Soukny

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Definition

Agriculture:
Deliberate modification of a portion of earths surface through cultivation of plants or raising animals To obtain sustenance or for economic gain Subsistence agriculture: growing food for consumption by farmers family Commercial agriculture: growing food for sale off the farm (machinery and technology)

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Commercial Subsistence

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Plan

Introduction Part I: Overview of Agriculture in Tunisia

1. Geographic features 2. Evolution of Agriculture Products

Part II: Challenges

1. Agriculture Development Policy 2. Other Important Challenges

Conclusion
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Introduction

The agricultural sector continues to occupy an important place in

the Tunisian economy, generating over 13% of gross domestic product (GDP) and contributing actively to the creation of employment and balance-of payment through exports, most obviously in its major role in ensuring the country's food security.

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* Agriculture contributes up to 13% on average in GDP * The agricultural investments represent 10% of investments throughout the economy * Private operators contribute up to 57% in the investment sector, * The agricultural investments represent 21% of agricultural GDP, * Food exports contribute up to 11% in exports of goods, * Food exports account for 26% of agricultural GDP,

* The sector employs 16% of the labor force total

* 75% of farms are smaller than 10 hectares. Powerpoint Templates Page 6

Geographic features (1)

a. Natural Data
Located east of North Africa, Tunisia is on the crossing point between eastern and western basins of the Mediterranean. The total area is about 162 000 km2 of which about 10 000 km2 for agricultural purposes. The climate of Tunisia is mainly Mediterranean. Overall, one can distinguish five bioclimatic zones: Wetland (> 800 mm), the sub-humid zone (600 to 800 mm), the semi-arid (400 to 600 mm), Arid Zone (100 300 mm) and the Saharan or desert zone (<100 mm).
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Geographic features (2)

b. Land Resources:
* The area of arable land is estimated at 10 million ha, divided between: o Arable land: 5 million ha, o Rangeland: 4 million ha, o Forests and scrublands: 1 million ha. * The 5 million hectares of arable land are divided by use as follows: o Arboriculture: 2 million ha (including 1.6 million ha of olive trees), o Arable: 2 million ha (including 1.6 million hectares of cereals), o Fallow: 0.7 million ha, o various crops: 0.3 million hectares.
* Area equipped for irrigation: 420 thousand ha, of which 75% of facilities with water conservation. Powerpoint Templates Page 8

Geographic features (3)

c. Water Resources
* Resources mobilized: 4.8 billion m3 divided between: o Surface water: 2.7 billion m3 o Ground water: 2.1 billion m3. * Resource mobilization: 4.1 billion m3 split between: o surface water: 2.1 billion m3 through 29 major dams, 222 hillside dams and 810 small lakes, o groundwater: 2 billion m3 by 4700 through drilling deep wells and 138 miles of surface.

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Geographic features (4)

d. Fishery resources:
* The Tunisian coast stretch 1350 km,
* There are 41 fishing ports (one port every 40 km on average) * The fleet consists of : o More than 10 miles coastal boats, half equipped with engines, o 875 boats for fishing on the high seas * The labor force in the fisheries sector is about 60 thousand people * Production is estimated at 103 000 tonnes including 23 000 tonnes from the inshore fisheries, 20 000 tonnes of trawl fisheries and 51 500 tonnes of fish in the fire.
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Geographic features (5)

e. Structure of agricultural production: (2010)

The production structure is dominated by farming, followed by tree crops (olives, dates, citrus fruit), vegetable farming and grain. *Cereal *Arboriculture *Marichage *Kennel *Fishing *Various 7.34% 27.7% 17.8% 40% 4.66% 2.5%

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Evolution of Agriculture Products

a. Cereal Production:
Tunisia rely heavily on wheat imports from international market to cover the consumption needs. Tunisia imported about 1.4 million tons of wheat, inspite of the bumper crop gathered. In 2010, wheat output is estimated to have dropped by about 46% compared to 2009. In 2011, Tunisia output of cereals during the 2010-2011season reached 2.3 million tons with 1.6 million tons of wheat and 0.7 million tons of barley.
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Cereal Wheat Barley Other Total

2007 1433 535 10 1988

2008 919 254 15 1188

2009 1654.1 854.9 25 2534

2010 821 237 21 1079

2011 1570 700 30 2300

Total, 2009, 2534

Wheat Wheat, 2009, 1654.1 Barley Other Total Barley, 2009, 854.9

Other, 2007, 10

Other, 2008, 15

Other, 2009, 25

Other, Other, 2010, 21 2011, 30

Evolution of Cereal Production on Powerpoint Templates thousand tons

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b. Olive Oil:
Adapted to the soil conditions and climate of Tunisia, the olive trees covers an entire agricultural land of 1.7 million hectares respecting nearly 79% of the total tree area and 34% of arable land.
Tunisia is the most important country south of the Mediterranean in the field of olive oil production and export after the European Union.

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Some indicators of the sector: *1.7 million hectares of olive *67 million olive trees *310,000 farmers *Average annual production: 180,000 tons in the last five years *Average annual export : 155.000 tons in the last five years
(2004/2009)

(2004/2009)

The regional distribution of olive farms at a country-level is as follows: *North : 32% *Center and Sahel : 46% *South : 22%
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c. Citrus Production:
Among the many Tunisian food products that attract international attention are the country's range of orange and citrus varieties.
In 2010, the citrus harvest in Tunisia recorded an estimated production of 308 000 tons, registering a 13% increase in comparison with the previous year.

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c. Dairy Sector:
In recent years, Tunisia has experienced a remarkable development of the dairy sector
Indeed, growth in production was recorded when Tunisia has achieved self-sufficiency in milk drinking in 1999 and a small surplus in 2000/2001

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2002 milk production

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

940

891

864

920

971

1006

1014

1030

1059

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

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d. Red meat Production:

The red meat production in April 2011 was the order of 9500 tonnes, divided between 4,400 tonnes of beef (including 200 tonnes from imported calves and fattened in Tunisia), 4700 tons of sheep and 400 tons of other types of meat.
Type of meat Beef Sheep Goat Other Total Quantity in tons % 55 800 50 000 9 400 7 500 122 700 45,47% 40,75% 7,66% 6,11% 100% The share in total input in

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e. Poultry meat Production:

Production of chicken meat during the month of April 2011 was 8,370 tonnes against 7,400 tonnes carried in April 2010.
For turkey meat, production in April was 4,050 tonnes against 3,350 tons during the same period of 2010. During the period 1998-2008, the production of poultry meat increased from about 90 000 tonnes to about 139,000 tonnes, an annual growth rate of around4.5%. The production of table eggs in April 2011 was 128.6 million against 135.7 million units of units in the same period of 2010.
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Challenges 1. Agricultural Development Policy

During the last decade, the agricultural sector has achieved significant results, proving its ability to meet the challenges.

The next step requires more effort for a better use of real
capacity of the sector, allowing a better balance of production and improve the performance of agriculture at all levels.

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The agricultural development policy will be based on four pillars: Improving the competitiveness The promotion of exports as an engine of growth Promotion of natural resources as a fundamental basis for sustainable agricultural development Consolidation of food security as a vehicle of national sovereignty

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Improving the competitiveness by: *accelerating the rate of growth *A modern agricultural sector (clarification of the tenure of agricultural land, encouraging investment and credit, financing of agricultural activities) *Human resources (support agricultural research, agricultural education, vocational training, vulgarisation, promotion of women farmers) *Enhancement of the sector features (small and medium agriculture, professional organizations) *Upgrading administrative services
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The promotion of exports as an engine of growth *given the rate of growth of agricultural production, the sector's ability to better exploit the existing potential, he has to prepare well to changes in demand by adapting to the demands of domestic and foreign markets. *In this context, the export of agricultural products is a challenges through improving productivity and competitiveness

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Promotion of natural resources as a fundamental basis for sustainable agricultural development: *The continued mobilization of water resources and their preservation *Irrigated areas *The reforestation *The preservation and development of agricultural lands and the *Fight against desertification and silting *Fishery resources

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Consolidation of food security as a vehicle of national sovereignty

*Development of production on the basis of economic

(efficiency and comparative advantages) *Promoting the various links in the chain before and after production *Sourcing regular market and *Ensure adequate income for producers *The transformation needed support to agricultural development *The food trade balance
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2. Other Important Challenges

The scarcity of natural resources Increasing demand for limited land and water

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Conclusion

Tunisia is a fertile country and benefits from its diverse landscape and climate, good rainfall and water supplies and extensive Mediterranean coastline whose waters contain exceptionally rich fish stock.
The agricultural sector plays a central role in Tunisias economic development; ensuring food security, it is focused mainly on the domestic market and is the main economic activity in several of the regions.

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Agricultural contributes around 13% to the countrys GDP and represents about 10% of total national exports. The sector employs some 16% of the working population, attracts 11% of the total volume of investments, and provides an income for 516,000 farmers and 60,000 fishermen.
The structure of production is dominated by livestock, followed by orchards (mainly olives, dates, and citrus fruit), vegetables and cereals.

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Bibliography

www.onh.com.tn www.oep.com.tn www.givlait.tn www.gipac.tn www.onagri.tn

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