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An example of a traits that is controlled by multiple alleles. There are four blood groups within the ABO system namely , , and . Determined by three alleles. There are allele ,allele and allele Each individual carries only two of the three alleles. The three alleles can be written as , , and .
Alleles and are dominant to alleles . Alleles IA and IB show . When both alleles are presents,they both have an effect. There are three alleles.Thus,there are six possible genotypes combinations. Each individual inherits one of these alleles from each parents.
Blood group A
IAIA or IAIO
Blood group B
Blood group AB Blood group O
IBIB or IBIO
IAIB IOIO
Are other blood systems in humans that affect blood compatibility. Is a group of antigens in red blood cells. Will cause agglutination when it reacts with antibodies from individuals without this antigen. Controlled by a pair of alleles. If an individual has the Rhesus factors,he is known as . If he does not have the Rhesus factors,he is known as .
The Rh allele is dominant to the rh allele. An individual who is Rh-positives has the genotypes or . An individual who is Rh-negatives has the genotypes .
Father
(heterozygous Rh-positives)
Mother
(homozygous Rh-negative)
Rh-rh
rh
Gametes
R h
rh
rh
rh-rh Rh-negatives
The larger chromosomes is called the X chromosomes,the smaller chromosomes is called the Y chromosomes. Sex chromosomes determines the sex of an individual.
Female karyotypes
Male karyotype
Downs syndrome is an example of a genetics disorder in which patients has trisomy 21(having three chromosomes 21 instead of two) A person with Downs syndrome has slanted eyes,protruding tongue,broad face,short palms and may be mentalled retarded.
Male karyotype
Female karyotype
Gametes:
22+X
22+Y
22+X
22+Y
44+XY Male
44+XY Male
carried in the sex chromosomes,usually the X chromosomes.These sex-linked genes determined other traits. Examples of sex-linked inheritance are haemophilia and colour blindness.
affected person fails to clot quickly due the deficiency of the blood-clotting factor. This disease result in excessive loss of blood and haemophiliac may be bleed to death from minor injury. Haemophilia is caused by a recessive allele found on the X chromosomes. In males,they are either normal or inflicted with the disease as the allele is found in the X chromosome and the Y chromosome does not carry the allele.Thus,a normal male is XHY and a haemophiliac isXhY.
XHXH or heterozygous dominant,XHXh.A female who has XHXh is known as a carrier of the disease. Sex-linked diseases affect more males because males need one recessive allele only to inherit the disease while female need both recessive alleles.
carrier. XHY:Male with normal blood clotting. XhY:Haemophiliac male. XHXH:Female with normal blood clotting. XHXh:Female with normal blood clotting(carrier). XhXh:Haemophiliac female.
Gametes:
X
H
XH
Xh
XHXh Normal
female (carrier)
XHY Normal
male
XhY
male
COLOUR-BLINDNESS
The most common colour blindness is the red-green colour blindness in which a person who is colour blind cannot differentiate between red and green. o Colour-blindness is caused by a recessive allele linked to the X chromosome.The allele for normal vision is dominant.
o
Situation:A colour-blind man marries a woman with normal vision. Let XC represent the allele for normal vision and Xc represent the allele for colour-blindness.
Xc
Gametes:
Xc
XC
XC
Other hereditary diseases include thalassaemia,albisnism and sickle-cell anaemia.They are due to defective allele found on the autosomes. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an example of a six-linked hereditary disease.