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Arteries carry blood from heart to body tissues and organs. They contain a high concentration of O2. They branch into ... Capillaries microscopic vassels. Functionally are the most important. The thinness of their walls makes it possible for the substances to pass readily into and out of the vessels.
The cardiovascular system
THE HEART
Hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels. The heart has three distinctive layers of tissue: - the endocardium serous membrane - the myocardium muscular, middle layer - the epicardium external layer of the heart.
The two upper chambers collect blood. The two lower chambers pump blood from the heart.
The right side of the heart provides for oxygenation of blood and the left side is responsible for transportation of blood to and from body cells.
Blood that carries carbon dioxide CO2 is transported to the heart by way of two large veins: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.
Factors that influence the blood pressure are resistance of blood flow, the pumping action of the heart, the viscosity or thickness of blood etc.
Elevated pressure hypertension, Decreased pressure hypotension.
The cardiovascular system
From A V node bundle of His relays the impulse to both right and left ventricles causing them to contract.
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
is the record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscle as the heart beats. EKG tracings consist of 3 major components: the P wave, which indicates atrial depolarization, the QRS complex ventricular depolarization, and the T wave ventricular repolarization
Myocardial ichemia causes angina pectoris. The use of nitroglycerine brings relief. If pain cannot be controlled by medication, a bypass surgery may be required.
Coronary Artery Disease may produce an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In that case blood supply in the coronary artery is totally suppressed, causing tissue death. The clinical symptoms are: - intense angina - profuse sweating - paleness - dyspnea.
There may be narrowing of the valves (stenosis) or an inability of the valves to close properly (valve insufficiency).
Patients who have had open heart surgery are more susceptible to infections of the inner lining of the chambers of the heart bacterial endocarditis.
Varicose Veins
Varicose veins develop when damage occurs to the valves of the veins.
Backflow of the blood causes the veins to enlarge. Stagnation may cause thrombus and more serious condition embolism.
Arrhythmias
An arrhythmia is a disorder of the heart rate (pulse) or heart rhythm.
A heart block can be a blockage at any level of the electrical conduction system of the heart.
Flutter rapid but regular contraction heart rhythm can reach up to 240 to 260 beats per minute.
Fibrillation rapid, random and irregular contractions. The order to restore the normal heart rhythm defibrillator is applied to the chest wall.
The cardiovascular system
Heart Murmor
An extra heart sound, heard between normal heart sounds.
Arterial Hypertension
High blood pressure in arteries. Essential (idiopatic) and secondary hypertension (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis etc) Treatment drugs diuretics and beta blockers, limited salt intake, change of lifestyle.
Aneurysm
Aneurysm is the local widening of the artery. Aneurysmectomy removal of the aneurysm and bypass arterial segment.
Raynauds phenomenom
Short episodes of pallor and numbness in the fingers and toes due to constriction of the arteriolas in the skin.