Exciter Basics

Pilot Exciter
DC Exctr

Forcing Down

Forcing Up

Main Exciter
DC Exctr SYN Mach

CT PTS

Fixed Resistor

QL

QR
Exciter MOT Field Rheostat (Manual Control)

NL

NR

Automatic Control

Notes: (1) NL, NR - Close for small error QL, QR - Close for large error

AC Voltage Adjuster

DC Generator-Commutator Exciter Separately Excited with Noncontinuously Acting Rheostatic Regulator

DC Exctr

SYN Mach

CT

PTS

Regulator Exciter Field Transfer Rheostat (Manual Control)

Rotating Amplifier

Automatic Control
PMG

AC Voltage Adjuster Station Auxiliary Power

MOT

DC Generator-Commutator Exciter with Rotating Amplifier

DC Exctr

SYN Mach

CT
PTS

Regulator Transfer

Exciter Field Rheostat (Manual Control)

Automatic Control
MOT PMG

Station Auxiliary Power

AC Voltage Adjuster

DC Generator-Commutator Exciter with Continuously Acting Regulator Employing Static Amplifiers

PMG
Stator 41

Rotor
AC Exc

Perm. Mag. + Stator

Shunt

GEN

CT

PT

AC
DC

Power Amp

DC Isolation Transducer Pulses Firing Circuit + AC Reg.

Limiting And Protection

AC Isolation

Voltage Adjuster

PM

PMG

N S

AC Exctr Arm.

SYN Mach

CT
PTS

Exciter Field

Gate Control

Automatic Control
AC Voltage Adjuster

Base Voltage Adjuster (Manual Control)

Regulator Transfer

Alternator-Rectifier Exciter Employing Rotating Noncontrolled Rectifiers (Brushless)

To Set Up Transformer Generator

Rotating Elements Generator field diode wheel with fuses exciter armature PMG field
Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)

Exciter

Feedback Inputs

Controlled Rectifier

Reference Inputs

ALTERNATOR EXCITER Brushless Type

Start-Up Power

SYN Mach

CT PTS

Power PT

DC Voltage Adjuster

Manual Control

Gate Control
Regulator Transfer

Automatic Control

AC Voltage Adjuster

Potential Source-Rectifier Exciter Employing Controlled Rectifiers

Power From Station Service

41

Or Power From Power Potential Transformer Shunt

GEN
PTs CT
Current Transducer 1pu =5v

Power AMP
4:1

Start RES
Voltage 1pu Transducer =5v

15 VDC Supply

Trans MOD Main

OXP
+/-10v

AC Isolation Transducer
120 VAC
REG TRIP UNIT TRIP

DC Reg
DC Adj. BAL Meter
+/-10v

4 VAC

TO DC ADJ

MXL V/HZ MEL VED Damping

To Firing CKT Phase Back

Auto To All Modules

+/-10v

Firing Ckt

+/-10v

SIG MIX

+/-10v

+/-10v

AC Adj.

WTA-300 STATIC

Feedback Control - Limiters

Auto and Manual Operation Minimum Excitation Limiter Maximum Excitation Limiter OEL Volts/Hertz Limiter Overvoltage Limiter Instantaneous Current Limiter

Minimum Excitation Limiter

Generator Capability Curve -UEL
Time Delay Curve and Gain Adjustable 100%-130% On Line-Off Line Dynamic Pickup based on Pressure/Temperature

Steady State Stability Limit - MEL

Varies Proportional Square of Generator Terminal Voltage

Maximum Excitation Limiter OEL

Limits Generator Field Current or Voltage Adjustable Pickup Point
On Line setting 100% -130% Off Line setting 100% -200%

Adjustable Time Delay Dynamic Pickup based on Pressure/Temperature

Instantaneous Current Limiter

Adjustable Pickup Point
100%- 150% Field Current or 100% - 300% Full Load Voltage

Maintain Output
Within +/- 2% of Pickup Point

Volts/Hertz Limiter
Adjustable Pickup Point 100%-120% Adjustable Time Delays 0 - 1000 seconds Inverse V/HZ Curve - ANSI C37.102

Overvoltage Limiter
Limits Generator Voltage Adjustable Pickup Points 100% - 130% Adjustable Time Delay 0 - 10 sec.

Protection
Overexcitation Protection Volts/Hertz Protection Overvoltage Protection Minimum Excitation Protection Loss of Field Protection Loss of Sensing

Overexcitation Protection
Configurable to Field Current or Field Voltage On Line - Off Line Adjustable Settings On Line - 100%-170% Full Load Value Off Line 100% to 130% No Load Value Dynamic Pickup based on Pressure/Temperature

Volts/Hertz Protection
Adjustable Pickup Point 100% -120% Adjustable Time Delay 0 - 1000 Seconds Inverse Volts/Hertz Curve Per ANSI C37.102 Alarm On Pickup - Trip after Time Delay

Overvoltage Protection
Adjustable Pickup 100-200% Generator voltage Adjustable Time Delay Alarm on Pickup Trip After Time Delay

Minimum Excitation Protection

Based upon Generator Capability Curve Operating Curves approximated via:
Five straight line segments

Adjustable Time Delay on Trip Dynamic Pickup based on Pressure/Temperature

Loss of Field Protection

Based upon Steady State Stability Limit Operating Curves approximated via:
Five straight line segments

Adjustable Time Delay on Trip Varies Proportional

Square of Generator Terminal Voltage

Loss of Sensing
Detects complete/partial Loss of Voltage Intelligence Transfer based upon Adjustable Comparison Comparison Configurable to:
PT Secondary Voltage

Configurable To Transfer to
Backup Metering PTs (If existing) Manual Control

Power From Station Service

41

Or Power From Power Potential Transformer Shunt

GEN
PTs CT
Current Transducer 1pu =5v

Power AMP
4:1

Start RES
Voltage 1pu Transducer =5v

15 VDC Supply

Trans MOD Main

OXP
+/-10v

AC Isolation Transducer
120 VAC
REG TRIP UNIT TRIP

DC Reg
DC Adj.

4 VAC

TO DC ADJ

BAL Meter
Auto To All Modules

+/-10v

MXL V/HZ MEL VED

To Firing CKT Phase Back

+/-10v

Firing Ckt

+/-10v

SIG MIX

+/-10v

+/-10v

AC Adj.

Damping

WTA-300 STATIC

Two Basic Purposes of Firing Circuit

1. To provide proper firing pulses at the right time to the thyristors in power amplifier(s), such that
2. The DC output from the power amplifier(s) is a Linear function of the DC control input to the firing circuit. Power AC In Power Amp. Bridge + Field DC - Out

DC Control In

Firing Circuit

3Ph AC Timing (Same Ph. As AC Power)

Thyristor
Anode Cathode + I Gate -

I
+

+
VDRM

+ VGT VGT (Gate Trigger Voltage) 1 to 5 V.

VDRM (Forward Blocking Voltage 600 to 12KV.

IT(AV) (Average Forward Current) 100 to 5000 A.

IGT (Gate Trigger Current) 100 ma. To 500 ma.

Anode-Cathode Voltage

Thyristor Current in a resistive load

1 1

IAV.

Thyristor Current in a resistive load

2 2

IAV.

One-Quadrant Converter
DC Output AC Input

VDC

+ +
IDC

Two-Quadrant Converter
VDC

+
DC Output AC Input

IDC

3-Phase 6 Pulse Converter 0o Delay

1 2 3

X1 X2

Y1 Y2

Z1 Z2 I

+ R L(>>R) -

3-Phase 6 Pulse Converter 30o Delay

1 2 3

X1 X2

Y1 Y2

Z1 Z2 I

+ R L(>>R) -

3-Phase 6 Pulse Converter 60o Delay

1 2 3

X1 X2

Y1 Y2

Z1 Z2 I

+ R L(>>R) -

3-Phase 6 Pulse Converter 90o Delay

1 2 3

X1 X2

Y1 Y2

Z1 Z2 I

+ R L(>>R) -

3-Phase 6 Pulse Converter 120o Delay

1 2 3

X1 X2

Y1 Y2

Z1 Z2 I

+ R L(>>R) -

(Transiently Only)

1.0

0.8

D-C Terminal Voltage in P.U.

0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Firing Angle

Universal Relationship between the DC output terminal voltage and the firing angle, for all 2-quadrant phase-controlled converters (with smooth DC current).

DC Out
0o

Power Amp. 180o 60o Firing Angle

So that RESULTS are this!!!

The key is to make the firing circuit like this

0o
60o Firing Circuit DC In

Amp DC Out

Firing DC In

180o