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What is Telecom ?
Telecommunication
is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication.
is the technology of information over a distance. transferring
It
Information
Information
can be of several type: Audio Telephone Text -Telegraph , email, SMS Pictures Picture attachments Video Clipping over internet Data ATM to bank. The same telecom technology / service cannot communicate all the types of information.
Important
Network elements in Telecom Customer premises equipment. Access Network Transmission Switching Computerization
Telephone Exchanges
Communication - Mobile
The Medium
Copper
Coaxial Microwave OFC Backbone & access Satellite DWDM systems PON
of five basic components Terminals Any input/output device that uses telecommunication networks to transmit or receive data Telecommunication processors Support data transmission and reception between terminals and computers
Data
communication: The process of sending data between two devices via some transmission medium.
Data
communication is said to be local if the communicating devices are in the same building Data communication is considered remote if the devices are farther apart.
Protocols
A common language that both Sender and Receiver agree upon and communicate. A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication.
Protocols
Signals
Signals
Data
Signals
Signaling
is the physical propagation of the signal along a suitable medium. Both data and the signals may be either Analog or Digital. An analog data is a continuous wave (human voice) Digital data is data stored in the form of 0 and 1.
Types of Transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
Transmits
the characters one at a time, with start bit (0) & stop bits (1 s) at the end of each byte. There may be a gap between bytes. Asynchronous transmission is very slow. The advantage of asynchronous transmission is that it is simple and inexpensive.
Synchronous Transmission
The
flow. The bits are sent one after another without start/stop bits or gaps. The receiver counts the bits as they arrive and group them in eight bit units. Synchronization is maintained by a clock signal on a separate wire or modulated on the data signal.
Transmission Media
The
medium which carries the signal from the sender to the receiver.
Modes of Transmission
Interfaces
The interfaces has 4 characteristics Mechanical characteristics The physical Characteristics pertain to the physical connection (Physical Appearance)
ADR - Benefits
The interfaces has 4 characteristics Electrical characteristics Deals with the voltage levels and timing of the voltage changes. These characteristic determine the data rate and distances that the data can reach.
Functional
characteristics Specify the functions that are performed by each of the interface
Procedural
characteristics specify the sequence of events for transmitting data. some times known as logical interface which defines how the signal should be interpreted
TCP / IP
TCP/IP
is a set of protocols that enable communication between computers over the network. Group of multiple protocols work together, collectively known as a protocol suite or protocol stack. TCP/IP is an example of a protocol suite
TCP / IP
The
TCP/IP protocol suite is so named after two of its most important protocols:
Transmission
TCP / IP
The
main design goal of TCP/IP was to build: An interconnection of networks, referred to as an internetwork, or internet, Providing universal communication services over heterogeneous physical networks.
Internet Protocol
IP -is responsible for :Moving packet of data from node to node. IP forwards each packet based on a four-byte destination address (the IP number).
TCP protocol describes the host-to-host communication. TCP explains how two hosts can set up communication and how they can stay in touch with each other as data is being transferred.
Layers of TCP / IP
Application Layer
The application layer is provided by the program that uses TCP/IP for communication. An application is a user process cooperating with another process usually on a different host. Examples of applications include Telnet and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). The interface between the application and transport layers is defined by port numbers and sockets,
Transport Layer
The transport layer provides the end-to-end data transfer by delivering data from an application to its remote peer. Multiple applications can be supported simultaneously. Provides connection-oriented reliable data delivery service and connectionless, unreliable, best-effort service.
(ISDN) Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Serial Line IP (SLIP) Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Request for Comments (RFC) the Internet Society (ISOC) The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
Synchronous
frame formats (or standards) can be used on the Ethernet coaxial cable: The standard issued in 1978 by Xerox Corporation, Intel Corporation, and Digital Equipment Corporation, usually called Ethernet (or DIX Ethernet) The international IEEE 802.3 standard, a more recently defined standard
Internetwork Layer
The internetwork layer, also called the internet layer or the network layer. Provides the "virtual network" image of an internet. Provides a routing function that attempts to deliver transmitted messages to their destination.
The network interface layer, also called the link layer or the data-link layer, is the interface to the actual network hardware. This interface may or may not provide reliable delivery, and may be packet or stream oriented.
Configuration: PC-to-PC
DATA TRANSMISSION
(a)
Parallel Transmission
In
this method, all bits of encoded character are transmitted simultaneously which means that each bit of the code is having a dedicated channel
Serial Transmission
It
is the most commonly used method of communication. In this method, bits of the encoded character are transmitted one after the other along one channel serial bit by bit as well as character by character
networked of interconnected computers, which exists within a limited geographical area, such as a room, a building or a campus, is termed as a Local Area Network.
Few
characteristics of LAN are as below: Speed 4, 10, 16 up to 100MBPS Distance Few KMs (Typically 1.5KMs) Requires dedicated local wiring (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM) Shared access to medium
LAN TOPOLOGY
Common
and Star
shows an example of direct and indirect routes. Here, host C has a direct route to hosts B and D, and an indirect route to host A via gateway B