Maria Christina D. Gravador, M.D.

, FPAFP, DHPEd

A. Excreta and Its Disposal Public Health Significance Objectives Factors Affecting Excreta Disposal Facility and Water Source Criteria of a Good Disposal Facility Classification of Excreta Disposal Facility

B. Sewage and Sewerage Characteristics Treatment C. Refuse Storage Collection Disposal - Home - Community

A. Excreta and Its Disposal Public Health Significance Objectives Factors Affecting Excreta Disposal Facility and Water Source Criteria of a Good Disposal Facility Classification of Excreta Disposal Facility

B. Sewage and Sewerage Characteristics Treatment C. Refuse Storage Collection Disposal - Home - Community

sanitation includes both safe disposal of excreta and improved hygiene. both are essential barriers that prevent the transmission of disease by the fecal-oral route

biggest killer of children under the age of five every year, 9.7 million children die before reaching their fifth birthday.

In 2002, the Millennium Development Goal sectors target was set to reduce by half the proportion of people without access to sanitation by 2015. At current rates of progress this global target will not be met and in sub-Saharan Africa it will not be reached until 2076

MILLS-REINCKE PHENOMENON
The reduction in mortality of gastrointestinal diseases brought about by proper excreta & sewage disposal, brings about further reduction in mortality of other diseases not directly associated with excreta. (infant mortality)

Toilet Facilities
53 % of households have sanitary toilet facilities 27% with unsanitary toilets 20% w/o any toilet facility

Gastroenteritis & typhoid fever still rank among the 10 leading causes of sickness & death. Intestinal parasitism is prevalent among the population (as high as 95%)

A. Excreta and Its Disposal Public Health Significance Objectives Factors Affecting Excreta Disposal Facility and Water Source Criteria of a Good Disposal Facility Classification of Excreta Disposal Facility

B. Sewage and Sewerage Characteristics Treatment C. Refuse Storage Collection Disposal - Home - Community

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 To help prevent gastrointestinal infections. To help protect & conserve the nations water resources. To help promote health & well being.

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Quality and quantity of waste material. Location of excreta disposal facility in relation to underground water supply source. Soil conditions extending to the water bearing strata.

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1. Simple, easy to construct with local materials & cheap. 2. Easy to maintain. 3. Able to afford adequate protection & privacy. 4. Acceptable to the users.

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A. Excreta Disposal Facility Without Water Carriage 1. Cat-hole 2. Straddle trench latrine 3. Sanitary pit privy
Pit type Antipolo Vault type Bored-hole latrine

5. Water sealed latrine or pour-flash or hand-flushed latrine 6. Chemical toilet 7. Pail system 8. Overhung latrine

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B. Excreta Disposal Facility With Water Carriage

1. Septic toilet 2. Septic tank 3. Complete sewage treatment & disposal plants 4. Oxidation ponds or lagoons

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CATHOLE

simplest method of disposing human excreta small hole excavated in the soil the minimum method that should be provided when an individual needs to defecate in out-ofthe-way places where no regular excreta disposal facility is available

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should be located 200 ft (80 adult steps) from water source select a site where sun exposure is maximized

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a trench dug about 2030cm & 15cm wide, enough to permit use by straddling or squatting

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Pit type
pit dug to a depth of 4 to 6 ft about 50 cu. ft. for a family

Antipolo type
superstructure is constructed to provide the necessary privacy & protection from the rain & sun

Vault type
provided with a small watertight vault to receive the waste.

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a pit privy modified to include a relatively simple bowl made of concrete other durable material the lower portion of the bowl is a P or S-shaped trap, which forms a water seal when water is added

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1.If properly operated & maintained, this satisfies all sanitary & aesthetic criteria of satisfactory excreta disposal facility.

2.Relatively simple to build & it is cheap for use in the rural areas

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3.Can be installed near or inside the dwelling. 4.It minimizes contact flies, other insects & rodents. 5.The odor nuisance is kept to a minimum. 6.It is entirely safe for children.

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1.It can be used only where water is obtainable throughout the year. 2.It cannot be used in freezing climates. 3.It is not readily applicable in areas with impermeable soils.

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4.It requires a period of intensive education in its proper use and maintenance. 5.It costs slightly more than ordinary pit privies, but less than aqua privies.

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Liquefaction of organic matter by the use of caustic chemicals instead of depending upon bacterial activity

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A tank is used, usually 500 gallons in capacity, made of steel & capable of withstanding corrosion & provided with an agitating device to break up solid matter. 25 pounds of caustic soda in 10 to 15 gallons of water is normally used for each toilet seat & can last from 6 to 9 months.

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1.Its location is independent of underground conditions. 2.The danger of access by flies is reduced to nil. 3.It is suitable for such conveyances as aircraft, trains, boats & other vehicles.

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4.The disposition of the contents is facilitated through the liquefaction of the solid matter. 5.The caustic chemicals commonly used, sterilize as well as liquefy. 6.It is suited to inside installations.

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1.Higher initial cost than any other type of privy. 2.Higher maintenance cost. 3.Systematic supervision & maintenance are required otherwise poor operation will result in bad odors.

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also known as box & can privy, conservancy system, & bucket latrine. provision of a watertight receptacle in a fly tight compartment for the accumulation & storage of fecal material for short periods.

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latrine built on top of wooden piles above the water and connected to the main building by a catwalk or bridge.
a small room in the house with an opening on the floor serves as overhung latrine.

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The relatively long survival rates of some pathogenic organisms . The tendency of children to play in these shallow waters under the houses. Pollution of waterway thereby affecting downstream water users.

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also called aqua privy A latrine constructed directly above a septic tank A drop pipe from the latrine floor extending into the water surface for at least 4 inches conveys the waste material into the tank to provide an odor seal undergoes anaerobic digestion

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designed to collect and treat toilet wastewater. disease producing bacteria & eggs of certain intestinal parasites in raw sewage are not usually destroyed in the septic tank.

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After one to three days the liquid wastes leave the tank and are carried to secondary treatment system

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treatment process given to the effluent is called the secondary treatment (aerobic bacteria in the soil stabilize further the organic matter in the effluent).

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Secondary Treatment of Effluent 1. Settlement heavy solids when settled to the base forms sludge 2. Flotation grease and oil float to form a layer called scum 3. Sludge digestion sludge and scum converted by bacteria to liquid and gas 4. Stabilization liquid portion undergo natural purification

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is an excavation designed to receive raw or pretreated domestic sewage or some organic industrial wastes, in w/c stabilization is accomplished by physical, chemical & biological processes commonly referred to as natural self purification.

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A. Public Health Significance Objectives Factors Affecting Excreta Disposal Facility and Water Source Criteria of a Good Disposal Facility Classification of Excreta Disposal Facility

B. Sewage and Sewerage Characteristics Treatment C. Refuse Storage Collection Disposal - Home - Community

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Sewerage

represent a comprehensive means for the collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal of human excreta & other wastes with water carriage.

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0.02 to 0.10 % solids these solids consist of

pathogenic organisms & eggs of most intestinal parasites organic matter w/c can serve as food for organisms including pathogens

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High biological oxygen demand (BOD) indicates the presence of excess amounts of organic carbon The higher the BOD of a source of wastes the higher is the polluting power of that wastes

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Type of Waste
Domestic Sewage

BOD(mg/L)
200-600

Slaughterhouse Wastes
Cattle Shed Effluents Vegetable Processing

1,000-4,000
20,000 200-5,000

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Primary
includes: screening, comminution, grit or sand removal, sedimentation of suspended matter, anaerobic sludge digestion & sludge drying. Represents physical, sometimes chemical and biological processes for the removal of floating & settleable matter

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Secondary
use of trickling filters and or activated sludge, & secondary settling rely principally upon biological process for the removal of colloidal and dissolved solids.

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Tertiary
main purpose is to remove further certain dissolved substances in sewage which can serve as excellent food for certain organisms chlorination

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A. Public Health Significance Objectives Factors Affecting Excreta Disposal Facility and Water Source Criteria of a Good Disposal Facility Classification of Excreta Disposal Facility

B. Sewage and Sewerage Characteristics Treatment C. Refuse Storage Collection Disposal - Home - Community

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a general term applied to solid and semi-solid waste materials other than human excreta. includes: garbage, rubbish, ashes, street sweeping, dead animals, night soil & yard cuttings.

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Principal public health reasons for the proper disposal of refuse: 1. Domestic refuse - bacterial decomposition 2. Town refuse do not contribute to wellbeing of the citizen. 3. Many indirect carriers (rats, flies etc.) prefer refuse as their habitat.

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Principal public health reasons for the proper disposal of refuse:

4. Contamination & pollution of ground and surface waters. 5. Uncontrolled disposal of refuse depreciates the recreational value of the region.

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1. storage 2. collection 3. disposal

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Small enough to be easily carried when filled with waste. Sufficient in number to store all the waste material produced between collection times. Provided with tight-fitting covers so that flies & rats can not get in.

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Wood and metal are satisfactory materials for containers. For waste papers, wire baskets are satisfactory. Not too tall such that it overturns easily. The container be placed on an elevated flatform.

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the garbage is disintegrated by a garbage grinder fitted to the kitchen sink. the waste is collected by a separate pipe system in a collection chamber where the solids are separated from the carrying water.

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the supernatant is disposed of into the sewerage system and the wet solids are collected by a tanker and hauled for disposal.

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Two Procedures:
1. Pick-up or gathering of refuse from houses, institutions & establishments. 2. Transportation of the collected refuse to the final disposal site.

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Necessary for good sanitation. Problem of storage & foul odors for the homeowner. It is necessary to cover the refuse in the vehicles during transportation to final disposal sites.

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Adequate and properly maintained collection carts, trucks or other vehicles. Final disposal route should be as direct as possible from the point of origin. Collection must preferably be done at night.

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Home Refuse Disposal Methods:

1.Burial - refuse is deposited in pits and covered with soil. 2.Burning - open burning on the ground and sometimes simple incinerators are used. 3.Feeding to animals

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 Home Refuse Disposal Methods.. 4.Composting - involves the deposition of garbage, leaves and animal manure into a pit and covered with soil, about two to three feet thick. 5.Grinding & disposal to sewer - commercially available garbage-grinders are attached to kitchen sink.

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1.Dumping on land - most frequently used 2.Sanitary landfill - also known as the cut and cover 3.Incineration - very appropriate for hospitals.

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4.Composting - there are two basic methods:

Aerobic - air is supplied into the refuse material either by frequent turning & mixing or by actual use of mechanical air pumps Anaerobic - done by burying organic material & is subsequently covered with soil.

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