Antibiotic Resistance

Infection
Antibiotic abuse in the*
.Egyptian society
Allopathic versus Homeopathic*
? alternative. Truth or Myth
 : Antibiotic Resistance

? What are antibiotics *

Antibiotics are medicines that fight (or

prevent) infections caused by bacteria
but antibiotics can't fight viral
. infections such as colds

? What is antibiotic resistance*

Resistance is the ability of an organism to

survive in the presence of
concentrations of a chemical which are
normally lethal to organisms of that
. species
 β –lactam antibiotics
Penicillins )1

:a -Natural penicillin

ex : Benzyl penicillin

=R

) sensitive to acids and ß-lactamase (

:b -Semisynthetic penicillins
:Acid stable penicillin -1

=Ex:phenoxy methyl penicillin, R

=Azidocillin, R

-2β:-lactamase stable penicillin

Ex: Methicillin

Oxacillin,cloxacillin,dicloxacillin
:Extended spectrum penicillin -3

Ex :Ampicillin =R

Amoxicillin =R

Penicillins active against -4

: Ps.aeruginosa

Ex :Carbenicillin

Ticarcillin
)2β: lactamase inhibitors
Clavulanic acid-1
Tazobactam-2
sulbactam-3
 Cephalosporins )3
:First Generation*
Cephaloglycin -
) parenterally (

Cephalexine -
) Orally (
:Second Generation*
Cefuroxime -
) Parenterally (

Cefprozil -
) Orally (
:Third Generation*
Cefotaxime -
) Parenterally (

Cefixime -
) Orally (
:Fourth Generation*

Cefpirome -

Cefepime -
Antibiotic abuse in Egyptian society

the antimicrobial agents are●

used by too many people to
treat the wrong kind of
.infection

Wrong dosage and wrong●

period of time in both
industrialized and
developing countries, have
contributed in spreading
the resistant bacterial
.infection
 Examples of antibiotic abuse
Taking antibiotics for viral infections such -
.as a cold,the flu, and acute bronchitis

:That may lead to many disadvantages like

-1.Will not cure the infection

-2 Will not keep other individuals from
.catching the illness
cause an unnecessary harmful side-3
. effects

We can conclude that Antibiotics should *

Not taken for Colds and Flu
 The wrongs of some physician
leading to the abuse of the
antibiotic
Doctors choose antibiotics-1
randomly without finding the
. exact cause of the illness

Doctors under pressure from-2

patients who have the
misunderstanding that
expensive medicines are always
. better
 use of new and advanced wide- -3
. spectrum antibiotics
EX: description of 4 th quinolones
(Moxifloxacin) although the 2nd
(Ciprofloxacin) can be used effectively
. against Gram negative bacteria

(moxifloxacin)
:Side effects of some antibiotics*
Antibiotics may affect intervertebral-
. disc health
Ex : cefazolin, gentamycin,
. cefamandole and vancomycin

Gentamycin
How can I avoid the antibiotic
?abusing
Do not take an antibiotic for a-1
.viral infection like a cold or the flu

Do not save your antibiotic for the-2

.next time you get sick

Take an antibiotic exactly as the-3

, healthcare provider tells you
.Complete the course of treatment

Do not take antibiotics prescribed-4

. for someone else
 As the result of the antibiotic abuse the
sensitivity of the antibiotic become as the
:following
 Homeopathy versus Allopathy
?What is homeopathy? how dose it work ●
. Homeopathy is scientific system of healing
.It aims to treat person by natural remedies

Homeopathy means treatment with substance ●

. give the same symptoms like patient suffering

Allopathy means treatment with opposite by ●

substance suppress or relieve the effect and
. symptoms of illness
 Comparison between homeopathy and*
:Allopathy
Homeopathy Allopathy

medicines have similar ● medicines have different ●

. biological effects to the illness .biological effects from the illness
acting indirectly on diseased● acting directly upon the tissues ●
. cells and organs of body .and the cells of the body
Medicines are taken in ● Medicines are taken ●
. general infrequently .continuously and indefinitely
Medicines are free of side ● Medicines may cause side effects ●
. effects and toxicity . in some cases
 Examples of homeopathic medicine
Garlic
It is natural homeopathic antibiotic. ●
●main active constituents:
: 1) allicin
obtained from allin .by enzyme allinase

Allin Allylsulfonic acid α-Aminoacrylic acid

Allylsulfonicacid
f Allicin
:diallyl disulphide-2) )60% )2

Sulfonium-Ion Diallyldisulfid Allylsulfinsäure

3) diallyl trisulphide )20%):
4) Ajoene:

) (5S) Allylcystein
:Galic uses *
prevent common cold and influenza due to-1
. anti-microbial activity
.Ajoene ; has antimicrobial and antiviral activity-2
.Allicin and Adenosine ; have antiplatlet activity-3
.decrease cholesterol and triglyceride levels-4

Structure activity relationship of garlic constituents:

Antibacterial activity of allicin alone and in combin
with beta- lac

? Homeopathy versus Allopathy myth or truth

It can be concluded that homeopathy can be alternative to
. allopathy through the following comparison
 Garlic Vancomycin

Type natural homeopathic allopathic antibiotic

Structure
of active
constituent

Advantage active against MRSA-1 avtive against MRSA-1

of garlic . and VER . only
over the chance of-2 organism may develop-2
organisms developing resistance for example
vancomyci
. resistance is low . VRE
n
.has no side effects-3 .has many side effects-3
:References

www.wikipedia.org
www.hpa.org.uk
www.amm.co.uk
www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk
.www.garlic-central.com/antibiotic