High frequency transformer

Basic function : 1) Input - output electrical isolation 2) step up/down time - varying voltage Basic input - output relationship v1 N1 = ; v2 N 2 i1 N 2 = i2 N1 Models :
i1 + V1 i1 + V1 Lm N1 N2 i2 + V2 N1 N2 i2 + V2

Ideal model

Model used for most PE application

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-

Flyback Converter
C R + Vo

Vd

LM

Flyback converter circuit

iS Vd + vSW

i1 N1 iLM + v1

N2

iD +
C

+ vD v2 i
+ i2

iR

Vo

Model with magnetising inductance

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-

Operation: switch closed

is=iLM Vd iLM 0 N1 + v1 v1=Vs N2

v2 +
0

+ Vo

diLm v1 = Vd = Lm dt diLm iLm iLm Vd = = = dt dt DT Lm Vd DT iLm = closed Lm On the load side of the transformer, N2 N2 v2 = v1 N = Vd N 1 1 N v D = Vo Vd 2 < 0, i.e. diode turned off N 1 Therefore, i2 = 0 and i1 = 0
Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM3

Switch opened
iLM + vSW N1 + v1 N2 iD + Vo

Vs

v2= VS +

N v1 = Vo 1 N 2 But v2 = Vo N N v1 = v2 1 = Vo 1 N N 2 2 di N v1 = Lm L m = Vo 1 N dt 2 diL m dt = iL m dt =

(1 D )T

iL m

Vo N1 N Lm 2

V (1 D)T N1 ( iL m ) open = o N Lm 2 Voltage across the switch : N vSW = Vd + Vo 1 N 2

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM4

Output voltage

For steady - state operation, iLm + iLm =0

)closed (

)opened

Vd DT Vo (1 D ) T N1 N =0 Lm Lm 2 D N 2 Vo = Vd N 1 D 1
Input output relationship is similar to buck-boost converter. Output can be greater of less than input,depending upon D. Additional term, i.e. transformer ratio is present.

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-

Flyback waveforms
Ps = P0 V0 2 Vd I s = R I s is related to I Lm as : I Lm DT Is = = I Lm D T Solving for I Lm
v1 Vs

-V(N 1 /N 2)

( )

iLm

iLM

V02 Vd I Lm D = R

( )

is

I Lm =

V0 Vd DR Vd D
2

t iD

I Lm can written as : N2 I Lm = 2 N (1 D) R 1 V0 N 2 = N (1 D) R 1
iC

DT

Vo/ R

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-

Max, Min inductor current

I Lm =
,max

= I Lm +

iLm 2
2

N 2 V d DT + 2 N 2 Lm (1 D) R 1 iLm I Lm ,min = I Lm 2 Vd D Vd D
2

N 2 Vd DT = 2 N 2 Lm (1 D) R 1 For CCM, I Lm , min = 0 N2 Vd DT Vd D = = 2 N 2 Lm 2 Lm f (1 D) R 1 Vd D V (1 D ) R N1 ( Lm ) min = d N 2f 2 Ripple calculation is similar to boost, V0 D r= = V0 RCf

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM7

Example
The Flyback converter has these specifications: DC input voltage: 40V Output voltage: 25V Duty cycle: 0.5 Rated load: 62.5W Max peak-peak inductor current ripple: 25% of the average inductor current. Maximum peak-peak output voltage: 0.1V Switching frequency: 75kHz Based on the abovementioned specifications, determine a) Transformer turns ratio b) Value of magnetizing inductor Lm. c) Maximum and minimum inductor current. d) Value of capacitor C.

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-

Full-bridge converter
SW1 SW3 + VS vp NS NS + vx

Lx C R + Vo

SW4 SW1,SW2 SW2

SW3,SW4

DT

VP VS

T 2

T + DT 2

-VS Vx
N VS S N P

DT

T 2

T + DT 2

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-

Full bridge: basic operation

Switch pair: [S1 & S2];[S3 & S4]. Each switch pair turn on at a time as shown. The other pair is off. AC voltage is developed across the primary. Then transferred to secondary via high frequency transformers. On secondary side, diode pair is high frequency full wave rectification. The choke (L) and (C ) acts like the buck converter circuit. Output Voltage

Ns D Vo = 2Vs Np
Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM10