Um Verbs

Sub – Cl ass es o f Um S tems :

Um-1 stem = stems whose phonemic structure is a C2C3

However, not all stems with this shape belong to this class.
Um-2 stem = stems with initial vowels
Um-2a stem = the first syllable has the structure V1
Um-2b stem = the first syllable has the structure VC
Um-3 stem = stems without length on the first syllable
Um-3a stem = stems that start with a bilabial consonant
Um-3aa stem = stems that start with a bilabial consonant with
the first syllable of the structure CVC
Um-3ab stem = stems that start with a bilabial consonant with
/a/ as V1
Um-3b stem = stems with C1 other than a bilabial consonant
Um-4 stem = stems with length on the first syllable
 Um-1 verb:
- formed by an um affix and an un-1
stem
- irregular verbs

Um + FA + aC2C3… = C2umC3…
PRA C2aC2C3…
PAA C2inC3…
Example:

Um + FA + /aslam/ = /-um/ /aslam/

‘will become sour’ = /asumlam/ infixation
= /sumlam/ aphaeresis
= /sunlam/ partial
assimilation
Um + PRA + /aslam/ = V1C2 /aslam/
‘is becoming sour’ = /asaslam/ reduplication
= /asaslam/ aphaeresis
Um + PAA + /aslam/ = /-in/ /aslam/
‘became sour’ = /asinlam/ infixation
= /sinlam/ aphaeresis
Um-2 verbs:
- the affix um has 3 allomorphs:
a. {m-}
b. {V1}
c. {um}
* Affix Incorporation Rule
2 Types:
Um-2a Verbs
- formed by an um affix, allomorph
m and an um-2a stem

Um + FA + V1… = mV1…
PRA
mV1:mV1…
PAA minV1…
Example:

Um + FA + /i:sip/ = /m/ + /i:sip/

‘will think’ = /mi:sip/ prefixation

*/m/ becomes incorporated into the stem: i.e.

/mi:sip/ becomes the stem for other aspectual forms.

Um + PRA + /mi:sip/ = C1V1 + /mi:sip/

‘is thinking’ = /mi:misip/ reduplication

Um + PAA + /mi:sip/ = /-in-/ + /mi:sip/

‘thought’ = /mini:sip/infixation
Um-2b Verbs
- formed by an affix um, allomorph
{m} and an um-2b stem

Um + FA + V1C2 = mV1C2…
PRA
mV1:mV1C2…
PAA minV1C2…
Example:

Um + FA +/ugse/ = /m-/ + /ugse/

‘will throw’ = /mugse/ prefixation
*/m/ becomes incorporated into the stem: i.e.
/mugse/ becomes the stem for other aspectual forms

Um + PRA + /mugse/ = C1V1: + /mugse/

‘is throwing’ = /mu:mugse/ reduplication

Um + PAA + /mugse/ = /-i-/ repl /u/ + /mugse/

‘threw’ = /migse/ replacive
Or
= /-in-/ + /mugse/
= /minugse/ infixation
Um – 3 Verbs
- the stems of um-3 verbs have no
length on the first syllable and the
initial sound is a consonant
2 Types:
Um – 3a Verbs
- formed by an um affix, allomorph
{m} and an um-3a stem
i) um + FA + C1V1 = mV1…
PRA
C1V1:C1V1…
PAA C1i:nV1…
Example:

Um + FA + /bulus/ = {m} repl /b/ + /bulus/

‘will pour’ = /mulus/
replacement
Um + PRA + /bulus/ = C1V1+ /bulus/
‘is pouring’ = /bu:bulus/
reduplication
Um + PAA + /bulus/ = /i:n/ + /bulus/
‘poured’ = /bi:nulus/
infixation
ii) um + FA + C1V1… = mV1…
PRA
mV1:mV1…
PAA mi…
Example:
Um + FA + /bulus/ = {m} repl /b/ + /bulus/
‘will pour’ = /m/ becomes incorporated
into the stem
Um + PRA + /mulus/ = C1V1 + /mulus/
‘is pouring’ = /mu:mulus/
reduplication
Um + PAA + /mulus/ = /i:/ repl /u/ + /mulus/
‘poured’ = /mi:lus/ replacive
Um 3aa Verbs
- formed by an um affix, allomorph
{m} and an um-3aa stem
i) Um + FA + C1V1C2… = mV1C2
PRA
C1V1:C1V1C2…
PAA C1i:nV1C2…
Example:
Um + FA + /baldug/ = {m} repl /b/ + /baldug/
‘will drop’ = /maldug/
Um + PRA + /baldug/ = C1V1: + /baldug/
‘is dropping’ = /ba:baldug/ reduplication
Um + PAA + /baldug/ = /-i:n-/ + /baldug/
‘dropped’ = /bi:naldug/ infixation
ii) um + FA + C1V1C2… =
mV1C2…
PRA
mV1mV1C2…
PAA miC2…
Example:

Um + FA + /baldug/ = {m} repl /b/ + /baldug/

‘will drop’ = /m/ becomes incorporated
into the stem.
Um + PRA + /maldug/ = C1V1+ /maldug/
‘is dropping’ = /ma:maldug/
reduplication
Um+ PAA + /maldug/ = /-i-/ repl /a/ + /maldug/
‘dropped’ = /mildug/
replacement
Um-3ab Verbs
- formed by an um affix, allomorph
{m} and an um-3ab stem
Um + FA + C1V1= m V1…
PRA m V1:m V1…
PAA me:C2 or minV1…
Example:
Um + FA + /baril/ = {m} repl /b/ + /baril/
‘will shoot’ = /maril/ replacement
/m/ is incorporated into the stem.
Um + PRA + /maril/ = C1V1: + /maril/
‘is shooting’ = /ma:maril/ reduplication
Um + PAA + /maril/ = /e: / repl /a/ + /maril/
‘shot’ = /me:ril/ replacement
Or
Um + PAA + /maril/ = /-in-/ + /maril/
= /minaril/ infixation
Um-3b Verb
- formed by an um affix, allomorph
{V1} and an um-3b stem

(i) Um + FA + C1V1... = C1V1...

PRA C1V1: C1V1...
PAA C1i:n V1...
Example:

Um + FA + /labug/ = V1 + /:/ + /labug/

‘will become blurred’ = /la:bug/
lengthening
Um + PRA + /labug/ = C1V1 : + /labug/
‘is becoming blurred’ = /la:labug/
reduplication
Um + PAA + /labug/ = /-i:n-/ + /labug/
‘became blurred’ = /li:nabug/
infixation
(ii) Um + FA + C1V1 C2 = C1V1 C2...
PRA C1V: C1V1 C2...
PAA C1i:n V1 C2...
Example:
Um + FA + /tikdo/ = V1 + /tikdo
‘will stand’ = /tikdo/ no
change
Um + PRA + /tikdo/ = C1V1: + /tikdo/
‘is standing’ = /ti:tikdo/
reduplication
Um + PAA + /tikdo/ = /-i:n-/ + /tikdo/
‘stood’ = /ti:nikdo/
infixation
Um-4 Verbs
- formed by an um affix, allomorph
um, and an um-4 stem

Um + FA + C1V1:… = C1um V1:…

PRA = C1V1:
C1V1:…
PAA = C1i:n V1:…
Example:

Um + FA + /su:lat/ = um + /su:lat/
‘will write’ = /sumu:lat/ infixation
Um + PRA + /su:lat/ = C1V1: + /su:lat/
‘is writing’ = /su:su:lat/ reduplication
Um + PAA + /su:lat/ = /-i:n-/ + /su:lat/
‘wrote’ = /si:nu:lat/ infixation