INTRODUCTION TO CELL

Cell membrane transportation

Cell transport involves the many ways that wastes and other materials get in and out

Plasma membrane is selectively permeable

Selectively permeable membranepermits free passage of some material and restricts passage of others Cells differ in their permeability depending on- what lipid and proteins are present in how these components are arranged

Transportation are two type 1. active transport 2. passive transport

PASSAVE TRANSPORT- it is the movement of a substance across a cell membrane without the input of the cell energy

Simple Diffusion
Simple diffusion involves the movements of atom across the cytolema from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration Atoms moves across the cell membrane by going between the lipid molecules that make of the cell membrane small atom diffuse the easiest across the membrane no outside chemical energy is needed for simple diffusion

Diffusion Through the Plasma Membrane

Figure 3.7

Effect of Membrane Permeability on Diffusion

Figure 3.8a

FECILITATED DIFFUSION
diffusion is facilitated by cell membrane proteins that provide a way for atoms or molecules to more easily diffuse across the membrane

Osmosis: A Special Case of Diffusion

Osmosis is the simple diffusion of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane it occurs when the concentration of solutes in solution on the two sides of a semi permeable membrane are different moves from a solution with a higher water concentration to solution with lower concentration Whenever a solute concentration gradient exist, a concentration gradient for water also exists.
Thus, the higher the solute concentration, the lower the water concentration.

Osmosis - By Definition
Movement of water Across a selectively permeable membrane Down its concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) Toward the solution containing the higher solute concentration
This solution has a lower water concentration Continues until water concentrations and solute concen-trations are the same on either side of the membrane

Effect of Membrane Permeability on Diffusion and Osmosis

Figure 3.8b

Osmosis and Cells

Important because large volume changes caused by water movement disrupt normal cell function Cell shrinkage or swelling Isotonic: cell neither shrinks nor swells Hypertonic: cell shrinks (crenation) Hypotonic: cell swells (lysis)

Effects of Tonicity on RBCs

Hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions affect the fluid volume of a red blood cell. Notice the crenated and swollen cells.

Active Transport
Chemical energy in the form of ATP is used to begin this process a membrane carrier is used and the direction can be from high to low concentration or from low to high concentration active transport can enable a cell to move items across the membrane against a concentration gradient Carrier proteins utilized called ion or exchange pumps.
Ion pumps: actively transport Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl Exchange pumps: Na+-K+ pump

K+

6 is released and Na+ sites are ready to bind Na+ again; the cycle repeats.

Sodium-Potassium Pump
Extracellular fluid Binding1of cytoplasmic Na+ to the pump protein stimulates phosphorylation by ATP.

Cytoplasm

Phosphorylation causes the protein to change its shape.

Concentration gradients of K+ and Na+

Loss of phosphate restores the original conformation of the pump protein.

The shape change expels Na+ to the outside, and extracellular K+ binds.
4

K+ binding triggers release of the phosphate group. Figure 3.10

Functions of Na+ -K+ Pump

Regulation of cell volume
fixed anions attract cations causing osmosis cell swelling stimulates the Na+- K+ pump to ion concentration, osmolarity and cell swelling

Heat production Maintenance of a membrane potential in all cells

pump keeps inside negative, outside positive

Secondary active transport (No ATP used)

steep concentration gradient of Na+ and K+ maintained across the cell membrane carriers move Na+ with 2nd solute easily into cell
SGLT saves glucose in kidney

Vesicular Transport
Transport large particles or fluid droplets through membrane in vesicles uses ATP Exocytosis transport out of cell Endocytosis transport into cell phagocytosis engulfing large particles pinocytosis taking in fluid droplets receptor mediated endocytosis taking in specific molecules bound to receptors

ENDOCYTOSIS
The cell membrane surrounds desirable macromolecules outside the cell pinches off a saclike portion of its outer membrane to from a tiny new vesicle the vesicle moves into the cell where it relases it contents into cytoplasm Involves relatively large volumes of extracellular material Requires energy in the form of ATP Three major types
1. Receptor-mediated endocytosis 2. Pinocytosis 3. Phagocytosis

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A selective process Involves formation of vesicles at surface of membrane
Vesicles contain receptors on their membrane Vesicles contain specific target molecule in high concentration

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Vesicular Transport Pinocytosis or Cell-Drinking

Taking in droplets of ECF
occurs in all human cells

Not as selective as receptor-mediated endocytosis .the cell membrane encloses a droplet of fluid and its solute and brings the droplet into the cell

PHAGOCYTOSIS or CELLEATING
In phagocytosis the cell engulfs a food particle the vesicle containing food then fuses with a lysosome carrying digestive enzyme

EXOCYTOSIS
in exocytosis wastes and cell products are packaged by golgi vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and the materials in the vesicles are secreted out of the cell

Vesicular Transport: Exocytosis

Secreting material or replacement of plasma membrane