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Digestive System

Large Intestine

The Large Intestine


begins at the end of the ileum and ends at the anus

The Large Intestine


divided into three parts: 1. The cecum, the first portion of the large intestine, which appears as a pouch 2. The colon, the largest portion of the large intestine 3. The rectum, the last 15 cm (6 in.) of the large intestine and the end of the digestive tract

The Large Intestine


The major functions of the large intestine are 1. The reabsorption of water and electrolytes, and compaction of the intestinal contents into feces 2. The absorption of important vitamins produced by bacterial action 3. The storing of fecal material before defecation

The Large Intestine


The large intestine receives blood from tributaries of the superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries. Venous blood is collected from the large intestine by the superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric veins.

The Cecum
1. 2. 3. Materials arriving from the ileum first enter an expanded pouch called The Cecum. Muscles encircling the opening form the ileocecal valve, which regulates the passage of materials into the large intestine. The cecum, which is intraperitoneal, collects and stores the arriving materials and begins the process of compaction. Hollow appendix is attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum. The appendix usually is approximately 9 cm (3.5 in.) long, but its size and shape are quite variable. The mesoappendix, connects the appendix to the ileum and cecum. The mucosa and submucosa of the appendix are dominated by lymphoid nodules, and its primary function as an organ of the lymphoid system is comparable to one of the tonsils. Inflammation of the appendix produces the symptoms of appendicitis.

4.
5.

The Colon
The colon has a larger diameter and a thinner wall than the small intestine. Refer to Figure 25.17 as we describe several distinctive features of the colon:
1. The wall of the colon forms a series of pouches, or haustra (HAWS-tra; singular, haustrum), that permit considerable distension and elongation. 2. Three separate longitudinal ribbons of the smooth muscle, the taeniae coli ( ; singular, taenia), are visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa. 3. The serosa of the colon contains numerous teardropshaped sacs of fat, called the omental appendices, or fatty appendices of the colon

The Colon
The colon is subdivided into four regions:
1. 2. 3. 4. the ascending colon the transverse colon the descending colon the sigmoid colon

The Rectum
The sigmoid colon discharges fecal wastes into the rectum. The rectum is a secondarily retroperitoneal segment that forms the last 15 cm (6 in.) of the digestive tract It is an expandable organ for the temporary storage of fecal material; movement of fecal materials into the rectum triggers the urge to defecate. The last portion of the rectum, the anal canal, contains small longitudinal folds, the anal columns. The distal margins of the anal columns are joined by transverse folds that mark the boundary between the columnar epithelium of the proximal rectum and a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium similar to that found in the oral cavity. The anal canal ends at the anus, or anal orifice. Very close to the anus, the epidermis becomes keratinized and identical to the surface of the skin. Veins in the lamina propria and submucosa of the anal canal occasionally become distended, producing hemorrhoids. The circular muscle layer of the muscularis externa in this region forms the internal anal sphincter. The smooth muscle fibers of the internal anal sphincter are not under voluntary control. The external anal sphincter encircles the distal portion of the anal canal. This sphincter, which consists of a ring of skeletal muscle fibers, is under voluntary control.

Intestinum Mayor
Fungsi utama organ ini adalah menyerap air dari feses. Usus besar terdiri dari : 1. Kolon asendens (kanan) 2. Kolon transversum 3. Kolon desendens (kiri) 4. Kolon sigmoid (berhubungan dengan rektum)

Anatomi Usus Besar Air diserap kembali Gerakan > lambat, >kuat Peristaltik ( gerakan meremas dan mendorong makanan ) diakhiri kontraksi otot di dasar panggul -> efek Buang Air Besar ( defekasi ) Fisiologi usus Besar,Fungsi: Menyerap air -> Pertukaran air : 5-6 liter/hari Mengubah sisa hasil pencernaan makanan dari usus halus -> kotoran padat Terdapat bakteri yang bekerja pada sisa makanan yang tidak diserap Perlu sellulosa >> (sayur, buah-buahan) -> memadatkan sisa makanan

Dinding usus besar terdiri dari beberapa lapisan :


Tunica mucosa, tidak memiliki vili intestinalis dan terdiri dari:
Epitel ,berbentuk silindris selapis dengan sel piala. Lamina propria, hampir seluruhnya berisi dangan limphaticus yang tersusun berderet-deret sekeliling lumen. Lamina muskularis mucosa,sangat tipis dan terdesak oleh jaringan limfoid dan kadang-kadang terputus-putus.

Tunica sub mucosa Tunica muscularis Tunica serosa

1. Sekum (usus buntu)


Usus buntu atau sekum (Bahasa Latin: caecus, buta) dalam istilah anatomi adalah suatu kantung yang terhubung pada usus penyerapan serta bagian kolon menanjak dari usus besar. Organ ini ditemukan pada mamalia, burung, dan beberapa jenis reptil. Sebagian besar herbivora memiliki sekum yang besar, sedangkan karnivora eksklusif memiliki sekum yang kecil, yang sebagian atau seluruhnya digantikan oleh umbai

2. Umbai cacing (appendix)


Umbai cacing atau apendiks adalah organ tambahan pada usus buntu. Umbai cacing terbentuk dari caecum pada tahap embrio Dalam orang dewasa, Umbai cacing berukuran sekitar 10 cm tetapi bisa bervariasi dari 2 sampai 20 cm. Fungsi appendiks berkaitan dengan sisitem kekebalan tubuh, yaitu menghasilkan Immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA merupakan salah satu immunoglobulin (antibodi) yang sangat efektif melindungi tubuh dari infeksi kuman penyakit.Fungsi lain juga menghasilkan vitamin K.

Rektum dan Anus


Rektum (Bahasa Latin: regere, meluruskan, mengatur) adalah sebuah ruangan yang berawal dari ujung usus besar (setelah kolon sigmoid) dan berakhir di anus. Anus merupakan lubang di ujung saluran pencernaan, dimana bahan limbah keluar dari tubuh. Sebagian anus terbentuk dari permukaan tubuh (kulit) dan sebagian lannya dari usus.

Organ ini berfungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan sementara feses. Biasanya rektum ini kosong karena tinja disimpan di tempat yang lebih tinggi, yaitu pada kolon desendens. Feses dibuang dari tubuh melalui proses defekasi (buang air besar BAB), yang merupakan fungsi utama anus.

Pembukaan dan penutupan anus diatur oleh otot sphincter. Otot sphincter,terdiri dari :
Sphincter ani interus,bekerja tidak menurut kehendak. Sphincter levator ani,bagian tengah bekerja tidak menurut kehendak. Sphincter ani eksternus,bekerja menurut kehendak.

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