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Large Intestine
The Cecum
1. 2. 3. Materials arriving from the ileum first enter an expanded pouch called The Cecum. Muscles encircling the opening form the ileocecal valve, which regulates the passage of materials into the large intestine. The cecum, which is intraperitoneal, collects and stores the arriving materials and begins the process of compaction. Hollow appendix is attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum. The appendix usually is approximately 9 cm (3.5 in.) long, but its size and shape are quite variable. The mesoappendix, connects the appendix to the ileum and cecum. The mucosa and submucosa of the appendix are dominated by lymphoid nodules, and its primary function as an organ of the lymphoid system is comparable to one of the tonsils. Inflammation of the appendix produces the symptoms of appendicitis.
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The Colon
The colon has a larger diameter and a thinner wall than the small intestine. Refer to Figure 25.17 as we describe several distinctive features of the colon:
1. The wall of the colon forms a series of pouches, or haustra (HAWS-tra; singular, haustrum), that permit considerable distension and elongation. 2. Three separate longitudinal ribbons of the smooth muscle, the taeniae coli ( ; singular, taenia), are visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa. 3. The serosa of the colon contains numerous teardropshaped sacs of fat, called the omental appendices, or fatty appendices of the colon
The Colon
The colon is subdivided into four regions:
1. 2. 3. 4. the ascending colon the transverse colon the descending colon the sigmoid colon
The Rectum
The sigmoid colon discharges fecal wastes into the rectum. The rectum is a secondarily retroperitoneal segment that forms the last 15 cm (6 in.) of the digestive tract It is an expandable organ for the temporary storage of fecal material; movement of fecal materials into the rectum triggers the urge to defecate. The last portion of the rectum, the anal canal, contains small longitudinal folds, the anal columns. The distal margins of the anal columns are joined by transverse folds that mark the boundary between the columnar epithelium of the proximal rectum and a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium similar to that found in the oral cavity. The anal canal ends at the anus, or anal orifice. Very close to the anus, the epidermis becomes keratinized and identical to the surface of the skin. Veins in the lamina propria and submucosa of the anal canal occasionally become distended, producing hemorrhoids. The circular muscle layer of the muscularis externa in this region forms the internal anal sphincter. The smooth muscle fibers of the internal anal sphincter are not under voluntary control. The external anal sphincter encircles the distal portion of the anal canal. This sphincter, which consists of a ring of skeletal muscle fibers, is under voluntary control.
Intestinum Mayor
Fungsi utama organ ini adalah menyerap air dari feses. Usus besar terdiri dari : 1. Kolon asendens (kanan) 2. Kolon transversum 3. Kolon desendens (kiri) 4. Kolon sigmoid (berhubungan dengan rektum)
Anatomi Usus Besar Air diserap kembali Gerakan > lambat, >kuat Peristaltik ( gerakan meremas dan mendorong makanan ) diakhiri kontraksi otot di dasar panggul -> efek Buang Air Besar ( defekasi ) Fisiologi usus Besar,Fungsi: Menyerap air -> Pertukaran air : 5-6 liter/hari Mengubah sisa hasil pencernaan makanan dari usus halus -> kotoran padat Terdapat bakteri yang bekerja pada sisa makanan yang tidak diserap Perlu sellulosa >> (sayur, buah-buahan) -> memadatkan sisa makanan
Organ ini berfungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan sementara feses. Biasanya rektum ini kosong karena tinja disimpan di tempat yang lebih tinggi, yaitu pada kolon desendens. Feses dibuang dari tubuh melalui proses defekasi (buang air besar BAB), yang merupakan fungsi utama anus.
Pembukaan dan penutupan anus diatur oleh otot sphincter. Otot sphincter,terdiri dari :
Sphincter ani interus,bekerja tidak menurut kehendak. Sphincter levator ani,bagian tengah bekerja tidak menurut kehendak. Sphincter ani eksternus,bekerja menurut kehendak.