THE LIVING CELL AND ITS COMPONENTS

CYTOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELLS.

EARLY DISCOVERIES RELATED TO THE STUDY OF CELLS

1595-

Zacharias Jansen credited with the first compound microscope Robert Hooke described cells in

1665-

cork.

EARLY DISCOVERIES RELATED TO THE STUDY OF CELLS

1674-

Anton van Leeuwenhoek reported his discovery of blood cells, sperm cells and lively world of animalcules- protozoa and bacteria. 1805- Lorenz Oken stated that all living organisms originate from and consists of cell. 1833- Robert Brown described the cell nucleus

EARLY DISCOVERIES RELATED TO THE STUDY OF CELLS

1835-

Felix Dujardin found out that living cells contain an internal substance which he name it sarcode. Evangelista Purkenji gave the name protoplasm as a replacement to the term sarcode.

Jan

THE CELL THEORIES

The Cell Theory is one of principles of biology. Credit formulation of this theory is scientists Theodor Schwann, Schleiden, and Rudolph the basic for the given to Matthias Virchow.

THE CELL THEORY STATES:

All

living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. cell is the basic unit of life.

The

Cells

arise from pre-existing cells.

DEFINITION OF CELL

A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi, an Italian physician, did an experiment with flies and wide-mouth jars containing meat

TYPES OF CELLS
Prokaryotic

- do not contain a nucleus - have their DNA located in a region called nucleoid ( e.g. bacteria and archaea) Eukaryotic - contain a true nucleus, bound by a membranous nuclear envelope (e.g. protists fungi, plants and animals)

COMPARISON OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

BACTERIAL CELL

PARTS OF A PROKARYOTIC CELL

Nucleoid-

region where the cells DNA is located (not enclosed by a membrane) structures that synthesize proteins membrane- membrane enclosing the cytoplasm

Ribosomes-

Plasma

PARTS OF A PROKARYOTIC CELL

Cell

wall- rigid structure outside the plasma membrane Capsule- jellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes Flagella- locomotion organelles of some bacteria Pili- attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

AN ANIMAL CELL

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL

1.

Cell membrane

2.

Cytoplasm

3.

Nucleus

PARTS OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

CELL MEMBRANE
outer

membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell

provides

shape to the

cell

NUCLEUS
Directs

cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA

PARTS OF A NUCLEUS:

Nuclear Membrane
Surrounds

nucleus Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus

PARTS OF A NUCLEUS: Nucleolus

Contains

RNA to build proteins

CYTOPLASM

contains most of the cell organelles, each of which perform a specific function

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
manufacturer

and shipper of the cell a. Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes b. Rough ER (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

RIBOSOMES

protein

factories of

the cell

MITOCHONDRIA

powerhouses

of the cell

GOLGI BODIES
packaging

counters of the cell

LYSOSOMES

suicide

bags of the

cell
contains

digestive enzymes

VACUOLES
Membrane-bound

sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution

CENTRIOLES
helpers

in cell

division

CYTOSKELETON
framework

of the

cell
Made

of Microtubules (thin hollow cylinders) and Microfilaments (thin solid cylinders)

ORGANELLES PECULIAR TO PLANT CELLS

CELL WALL
provides

shape and rigidity to the cell & protects

supports

cells

CHLOROPLAST
Contains

chlorophyll
Where

photosynthesis takes place

PLASTIDS

Stores

extra food in plant cells

MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

Structure/ Part Cell wall Plant Cell Animal Cell Present, made of Absent, only cellulose, found just plasma membrane outside the plasma is present membrane

Chloroplasts Vacuoles

Present

Absent small

One large central Many vacuole vacuoles

MITOSIS: Somatic Cell Division

DIPLOID

MEIOSIS: Production of Gametes

HAPLOID

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The word integument is derived from the Latin word integumentum, which means "a covering." The integumentary system is the external covering of the chordate body, comprising the skin, its pigments, and various exocrine glands that produce sweat, tears, sebum and other oils, mucous, waxes, scents, and milk. It also includes all derived structures such as hair, feathers, scales, teeth, baleen, nails, claws, horns, beaks, and hooves.

The Human Skin

The Human Digestive System

The Excretory System

The Human Brain