Cellular Respiration

Group 5, XI-IA 4: Alfin Zulfikar Rizky (01) Cici Sintamaya (05) Randi Nayaka Paramandana (20) Ristya Sylva Imannia (23) Shabrina Izazi Anwar (25)

Mitochondrial Structure

Mitochondrial Structure

Mitochondria
Mitochondria involved in the release of energy from the food substances during respiration.

Energy released temporarily in small molecules called ATP.

ATP can be transported to parts of cells that require energy.

Mitochondrias Characteristics
Stiff, elongated cylinders with a diameter of 0.5-1 ?m. Are remarkably mobile and plastic organelles, constantly changing their shape and even fusing with one another and then separating again. As they move about in the cytoplasm, they often seem to be associated with microtubules. In others they remain fixed in one position where they provide ATP directly to a site of unusually high ATP consumption Characteristics

Why do plants need both chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Chloroplasts use energy from the sun to make glucose Mitochondria convert glucose to ATPthe energy currency of the cell

What is Adenosine Triphosphate?

ATP The batteries of the cell. When required, they can be broken down to release energy. Energy may be used to perform activities essential to life.

What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate
5-Carbon sugar (Ribose) Nitrogenous base (Adenine) 3 Phosphate groups

Energy currency of the cell The chemical bonds that link the phosphate groups together are high energy bonds When a phosphate group is removed to form ADP and P, small packets of energy are released

 To carry out the activity, the cell needs energy from outside the body The sun is the main source of energy that first get into the ecosystem and then modified by plants through photosynthesis Cellular Respiration: The set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

 Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration

2 different types of Respiration

Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy (ATP).
This reaction produces energy in large quantities. This energy is produced and stored in a form that is ready to use chemical energy, ATP. The release of phosphate groups to generate the energy used directly by cells to carry out chemical reactions, growth, transportation, motion, reproduction, etc. Aerobic respiration reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energi

1) Glycolysis

Divided into 4 Parts:

2) Oxidative Decarboxylation 3) The Krebs Cycle 4) The Electron Transport Chain

Where do the 4 parts of Cellular Respiration take place?

Glycolysis:
Cytosol

Oxidation of Pyruvate:
Matrix

The Krebs Cycled:

Matrix

Electron Transport Chain:

Cristae

Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that dissolve single molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid This process takes place in the cytoplasm
Glucose 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate 4 ATP (net 2 ATP) 2 NADH

NADH: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen

 1st: ATP energy used to phosphorylate glucose (stored energy) 2nd: phosphorylated glucose broken down into two C3 sugar phosphates 3rd: the sugar phosphates are oxidized to yield electrons and H+ ions which are donated to 2 NAD+ 2 NADH (stored electron and hydrogen for the Electron Transport Chain) 4th: The energy from oxidation is used to make 4 ATP molecules (net 2 ATP)

Oxidative Decarboxylation
Oxidative decarboxylation is an intermediate stage between Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle. Oxidative decarboxylation is the reaction that converts pyruvic acid (3C) to acetyl CoA (2C) This event takes place in the mitochondrial membrane is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate-dehydrogenase..

2 Pyruvate

2 CO2 2 NADH 2 Acetyl CoA

Oxidative Decarboxylation
1st: each Pyruvate releases CO2 to form Acetate. 2nd: Acetate is oxidized and gives electrons and H+ ions to 2 NAD+ 2 NADH. 3rd Acetate is combined with Coenzyme A to produce 2 Acetyl CoA molecules.

The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Hans Krebs found simplified breakdown of glucose in the cell cycle known as the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Catalyzed by enzymes, among others: sitratsintetase, dehydrogenase. 2 Acetyl CoA 4 CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2

The Krebs Cycle

Krebs cycle begins with the entry of acetyl CoA (atom C2) which reacts with oxaloacetic acid (atom C4) produce Citric Acid (atom C6). Gradually Citric acid releases two C atoms it so back to oxaloacetic acid (atom C4) This activity followed by a reduction reaction (release of electrons & hydrogen ions) by NAD + and FAD + produces 2 molecules NADH2, 2 molecules of FADH2, and 2 molecules of ATP .

Of the entire series of the Krebs cycle, produced: 4 CO2 molecules, 6 molecules NADH2, 2 molecules of FADH2, and 2 molecules of ATP.
1 2 3

Electron Transport Chain

The final stage of aerobic respiration is the electron transport system is commonly referred to as system (enzyme) cytochrome oxidase or respiratory chain system that took place on the cristae in mitochondria. Involving electron donor, electron acceptor, and the reduction reaction and oxidation (redox). Electron donor is a compound produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle stage and the potential to release electrons, namely NADH2 and FADH2. Electron acceptor is a compound that acts as an electron acceptor of electrons released by the donor, the enzyme cytochrome and Oxygen.

Electron Transport Chain

A total of 10 molecules NADH2 and 2 FADH2 molecules produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle stage. Whole will enter redox reactions in the electron transport system. Each release of electrons will produce energy in the form of ATP, a molecule NADH2 will produce 3 molecules of ATP, and 1 FADH2 molecules will produce two molecules of ATP. At first NADH2 molecule enters the reaction and hydrolyzed by the enzyme dehydrogenase followed FADH2 molecules are hydrolyzed by the enzyme flavoprotein, they release hydrogen ions follow the electrons, this event is called oxidation.

Electron Transport Chain

Furthermore, these electrons will be captured by Fe + + + as an electron acceptor, and catalyzed by the enzyme cytochrome b, c, and a. This event is called a reduction reaction. This continues until the electron is captured by the Oxygen (O2) that binds with hydrogen ions (H +) produces H2O (water). The end result of this electron transport system is 34 molecules of ATP, 6 molecules of H2O (water). Overall reaction of aerobic cellular respiration produces 38 ATP molecules, 2 molecules of H2O, and 2 molecules of CO2.

Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic respiration can be represented by the equation:

25

C6H12O6
glucose

energy

2C2H5OH

2CO2

alcohol

The energy released by anaerobic respiration is considerably less than the energy from aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration takes place at some stage in the cells of most living organisms. If there is NO oxygen, then cells can make ATP by Fermentation Without oxygen, Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Electron Transport Chain do not operate.

Example of Anaerobic Respiration

1. In Muscle Cells - During extraneous activities, the oxygen in the muscle tissue is decreased to an extent that aerobic respiration does not occur at a sufficient rate. So, occur anaerobic respiration which produces lactic acid. 2. In Yeast - The fermentation end product is

ethyl alcohol, and CO2

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION OCCURS IN HUMANS

Pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH

2 Lactate

2 NAD+

2 NADH

Glucose

2 ADP

2 ATP

2 Pyruvate

ALCOHOL FERMENTATION OCCURS IN YEAST 2 CO2

2 Ethanol 2 NAD+ 2 NADH

2 Acetylaldehyde

Glucose

2 ADP

2 ATP

2 Pyruvate

Summary

Anaerobic Respiration (no oxygen required, cytoplasm) 1. Glycolysis (substrate level) Glucose 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate 4 ATP (Net 2 ATP) 2 NADH

Aerobic Respiration (oxygen required, mitochondria) 2. Oxidation of Pyruvate 3. Krebs Cycle (substrate level) 2 Pyruvate 2 CO2 2 NADH 2 Acetyl CoA 4 CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2

2 Acetyl CoA

4. Electron Transport Chain (chemiosmotic)

10 NADH 2 FADH2 Oxygen

32 ATP H2O

Total: 36 ATP produced

Exchange of Gases

Human Respiratory System

Figure 10.1

Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.2

Upper Respiratory Tract Functions

Passageway for respiration Receptors for smell Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material Moistens and warms incoming air Resonating chambers for voice

Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.3

Lower Respiratory Tract

Functions:
Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production Trachea: transports air to and from lungs Bronchi: branch into lungs Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli

Figure 10.8A

Respiratory Cycle

Figure 10.9

Measurement of Lung Capacity

Figure 10.10A

Regulation of Breathing

Figure 10.13

Process of Breathing

Inspiration/Expiration: air in/air out Cycle:

Relaxed state: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relaxed Inspiration: diaphragm contracts, pulling muscle down, intercostal muscles contract elevating chest wall and expanding volume of chest, lowering pressure in lungs, pulling in air Expiration: muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower resulting in increase of pressure in chest and expulsion of air

Measurement of Lung Function

Lung volumes and vital capacity

Tidal volume: volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a single breath Dead space volume: the air that remains in the airways and does not participate in gas exchange Vital capacity: the maximal volume that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation Inspiratory reserve volume: the amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume

Measurement of Lung Function

(cont.)

Lung volumes and vital capacity (continued)

Expiratory reserve volume: the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volume Residual volume: the amount of air remaining in the lungs, even after a forceful maximal expiration

Measurement: spirometer

Gas Exchange & Transport

Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures

External respiration: gases exchanged between air and blood Internal respiration: gases exchanged with tissue fluids Oxygen transport: bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells or dissolved in blood plasma Carbon dioxide transport: dissolved in blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or in the form of plasma bicarbonate

Four Respiration Processes

Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of lungs External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste

Blood pressure
Blood in the arteries is under pressure which can be measured using a sphygmomanometer When the heart contracts, this pressure rises. The maximum pressure which corresponds to the emptying of the left ventricle is the systolic pressure The minimum pressure in the arteries occurs when the left ventricle is relaxed and filling with blood. This is the diastolic pressure.

Systolic 120 mm Hg (equivalent to 15.8 kPa); Diastolic - 80 mm Hg (equivalent to 10.5 kPa).

Hypertension
Hypertension is high blood pressure In 90% cases the exact cause of hypertension is unknown , but condition is known to be closely linked to: Excessive alcohol intake Smoking Obesity Too much salt in the diet Genetic factors High blood pressure is a contributory factor to coronary heart disease