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 ME 645    Gas Turbines ­ 3003 

Open and Closed Cycle Gas Turbines - Thermodynamic

analysis of gas turbine cycles - Simple, inter-cooled and
reheat and regenerative cycles - Performance of practical
gas turbine cycles - Gas turbine combustion systems -
Compressor and turbine characteristics - Theory and
design of compressors and turbines characteristics -
Theory and design of compressors and turbines - Blade
cooling, performance of turbojet units.
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 References : 
2. Vincent, E.T., The Theory and Design of Gas Turbines and Jet
Engines, McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc. New York.
3. Welsh, R.J., and Geoffrey Waller, The Gas Turbine Manual,
Temple Press Limited, London.
4. Richard T.C. and Harman, Gas Turbine Engineering, Applications,
Cycles & Characteristics, The Macmillan Press Ltd., London.
5. Jain, J.K., Gas Turbine Theory and Jet Propulsion, Khanna
Publishers, Delhi.
6. Cohen, H., G.T.C. Rogers & H.I.M. Saravanamuttoo, Gas Turbine
Theory ELBS and Longman Graph Ltd., London.
6. Ganesan, V, Gas Turbines, Second Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, India,
2004.

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 Who invented the gas
turbine?
The first recorded patent for
a gas turbine was obtained in
1879 by the British inventor
John Barber.

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 Among engines for the
production of mechanical
power there were, a few years
ago, three principal
competitors in the field:
(i) the steam turbine plant,
• the gasoline piston engine and
• the diesel piston engine.
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 Versailles Palace (1667-
1688) : From the centre of
the main building to the
south wing

Versailles Palace : Viewing

mile-long canal for
honored guests from
Latone Fountain (the
garden alone has more
than ten luxurious
fountains) 7/31
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 Water keeper and his elegant idea (1629 –
1695)
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 Conceptual drawing of internal-combustion
engine originated by Huygens (1673)

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 Otto’s idea was the result of seeing
smoke from a smokestack (1870)
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 • Inventor of the four-
stroke spark-ignition
internal combustion
engine
• In 1876 Otto was
issued a patent for a
proposed engine in
Nicolaus August Otto
Born June 10, 1832 -
which air-fuel mixture
Died January 26, 1891 could be compressed
Gas-Motor Engine
Patent No. 365,701
and ignited by a
Inducted 1981 spark.
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 • Inventor of the internal
combustion engine - National
Inventors Hall of Fame.
• In 1892, Rudolf Diesel was
issued a patent for a
Rudolf Diesel
proposed engine, in which
Born March 18, 1858 - Died
September 29, 1913 air would be compressed so
Internal-Combustion Engine much that the temperature
Patent No. 608,845
would far exceed the ignition
Inducted 1976
temperature of the fuel.

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 Christie front-wheel drive car (1894)
To reduce the drive loss in concerning (running
along a curved course), Christie adopted the front
drive and used a dual inner tire.
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 Fisher’s World Beater (1895)
Because the I4L engine was extremely heavy, holes were bored at
many locations in the structure of the car to stay within the weight
limit. Even though the frames were stripped off, the car was still
overweight. The designer lacked a sense of balance.
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 The earliest patent on gas turbine
was that of the Englishman, John
Barber, in 1879. Early designs
were unsuccessful, largely due to
two factors:
(i) the low efficiency of the
compressors and
(ii) the combustion temperature
limitations imposed by the
materials then available.
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 Serious development of the gas turbine
began only after

the second world war with shaft power in

mind
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 Attention was soon shifted to

the turbojet engines

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 • Of late the focus is to design
efficient gas turbines.
• As on today, machines
available to produce
mechanical power gas turbine
seems to have certain
advantages.
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 • The absence of reciprocating
and rubbing members which
reduces the vibration and
balancing problems,
• High reliability,
• Low lubricating oil
consumption and
• High power to weight ratio.
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 A simple gas turbine
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 The three main components are,
Compressor
Combustion chamber
Turbine

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 The factors affecting the
performance of gas turbines
are
(i) component efficiencies
(ii)turbine inlet temperature.

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 • Lot of research is going on to improve
the above two.
• Further, improvement in the
knowledge of aerodynamics and that of
metallurgy made it possible to employ
very high pressure ratios of the order
of
Compressor pressure ratio, r =
20:1
Compressor efficiency, ηc = 85 -
90%
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 • Consider the combustion
systems
• Combustion can be effected
either at
Constant pressure or
Constant volume.

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 • What one has to note is that
• Compression
• Combustion, and
• Expansion
are taking place separately for the
production of power.
Is it advantageous or
disadvantageous?

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 • In summary, gas turbine power
plant has three major components.
• Of the three, two are rotating
machines and the third one is a
heat addition device.
• However, addition of auxiliary
devices are also possible.
• To understand gas turbine power
plant one should have the basic
knowledge of rotating machines.

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 Axial
Compressor
A compressor belonging to
the group of dynamic
compressors characterized by
having its flow in an axial
direction.

Centrifugal
Compressor
centrifugal compressor
compresses air or gas by
means of mechanical rotating
rotating vanes or impellers
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 The Impulse
Turbine
A turbine that is driven by jets
direct against the blades

The Reaction
Turbine
A turbine with blades arranged to
develop torque from gradual
decrease of gas pressure from
inlet to exhaust
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 See you in the next
Class !!!

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