Chapter 9 : Manufacture Substances In Industry

Prepared by : Nur Syafiqah Binti Mohamad Kamisah Binti Mohd Muhd Azwani Bin Mahad

[A] Sulphuric Acid

Uses of sulphuric acid
Manufacture of detergents Production of fertilisers Manufacture of artifical fibres Manufacture of paint Leather tanning As electrolyte in car batteries

Manufacture of sulphuric acid

Manufacture by contact process Raw material used => sulphur, air & water Process consists of 3 stages

Stage
Stage 1 Sulphur dioxide, SO , gas can be produced by burning sulphur in air. S (s) + O (g) SO (g) Stage 2 The gas mixture sulphur dioxide, SO , & oxygen, O, is passed over vanadium (V) oxide, VO, (catalyst) at a temperature of 450-500 c and under the pressure of 1 atmosphere 2SO (g) + O 2SO (g)

Aim
To produce sulphur dioxide, SO, gas

To pproduce sulphur trioxide, SO , gas

Stage 3
Sulphur trioxide, SO , gas is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid, H SO , to form oleum, HSO . SO (g) + HSO (l) HSO

Water is then added to the oleum, HSO , to dilute it to produce sulphuric acid, HSO .
HSO (l) + HO 2HSO (l)

Sulphur dioxide & Environmental Pollution

SO in air comes from the burning of fossil fuels contain sulphur Inhaling SO - coughing - chest pain - shortness of breath - bronchitis - lung disease SO acid rain ( pH 2.4 & 5.0 ) ( natural rainwater pH 5.4 )
2SO(g) + O(g) + 2HO(l) 2HSO(aq)

[B] Ammonia & Its Salts

Uses
Manufacture of nitrogenous fertilisers Manufacture of nitric acid, HNO through Oswald process Manufacture of electrolytes in dry cells Manufacture of cleaning agents such as washing powder & detergents Manufacture of explosive Manufacture of dyes

Properties of Ammonia
Very soluble in water Produce thick white fumes with hydrogen chloride, HCl , gas Less dense than water Has characteristic of weak alkali when dissolved in water, HO Colourless gas Pungent smell

Manufacture of Ammonia
Through Haber process Nitrogen, N & hydrogen, H are mixed ( ratio of 1:3 volumes ) N + 3H 2NH H obtained from methane CH type of natural gas N obtained from air by frictional distillation of liquified air Gas mixtured is pass over iron at temperature of 450-550 & compressed under pressure of 200-500 atmosphere NH is cooled liquid ammonia NH

 Preparation of Ammonia Fertilisers

Ammoniun fertilisers nitrogenous fertilisers can provide nitrogen elements to plants Eg : - ammonium nitrate, NHNO - ammonium phosphate , (NH) PO Neutralisation reaction between ammonia solution, NH & acid solutin produces ammonium, NH , salt which is used as fertilisers

Neutralisation reaction Ammonia solution + phhosporic acid

Ammonium salt ( fertilisers ) Ammonium phosphate

Ammonium solution + nitric acid Ammonia solution + sulphuric acid

Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulphate

[C] Alloys
Arrangement of Atoms in Metal
Gives the metals their ductile and malleable properties Always the layers of atoms to slide on one another when force is applied

Definition of Alloys
An alloys is the mixture of 2 or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which the major component is metal The aim of making alloys is to make them stronger, harder, resistant to corrosion, have a better furnish and lustre

Alloy Bronze

Composition 90% copper 10% tin

Properties Hard & strong Does not corrode easily Has a shiny surface

Uses In the building of statues / monuments In the making of medals, instruments & artistic materials In the making of musical instruments & kitchenware In the making of cutlery In the making of surgical instruments In the building of the body of aeroplanes & bullet trains In the making of souveniers

Brass

70% copper 30% zinc 74% iron 8% carbon 18% chromiun 93% aluminium 3% copper 3% magnessium 1% manganese 96% tin 3% copper 1% antimony

Harder than copper

Stainless steel Duralumin

Shiny Strong Doesnt rust Light Strong

Pewter

Lustre Shiny Strong

The Arrangement of Atoms in Alloys

The presence of other metals in different sizes disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms in the metals This reduces the layer of atoms from sliding Thus, an alloy is stronger & harder them its pure metal

[D] Synthetic Polymers

1. Polymers are large molecules made up of many identical repeating sub-units called momomers which are joined together by covalent bonds. Monomers are joined into chains by a process of repeated linking known as polymerisation.

2. A polymer may consists of thousands of monomers. Some polymers occur naturally. Starch, cellulose, wool, silk and natural rubber are some examples of naturally occuring polymers. 3. Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers.

4. Monomers in synthetic polymers

Synthetic polymers Monomer
Polythene Ethene

Uses
Plastic bag Shopping bags Plastic container Piping Bottle crates Carpets Artificial leather water pipes Safety glass Reflectors

Polypropene

Propene

Polyvinyl chloride, PVC Perspex

Chloroethene Methylmethacrylate

Terylene

Hexane-1,6-diol Benzene-1,4dicarboxylic acid Hexane-1,6diamine Hexane-1,6-dioic acid

Clothing Sails Ropes Clothing

Nylon

5. The advantages and disadvantages of synthetic polymers

Cheap, easy to be moulded and coloured Very stable and do not corrode or decay Difficult to dispose Not easily biodegradable May cause pollution, blockage of drainage system and flash flood Give out harmful poisonous gases when burnt

[E] Glass & Ceramics

Glass made from sand Ceramics made from clay

Glass
1. Major component = silica, SiO Fused glass The simplest glass Highly heat resistant glass Can be heated to an extremely high temperature Can be plunged into icy, cold water without cracking Expensive but its great purity, optical transparency, high temperature and chemical durability as well Eg : glassware, lenses, telescope, mirrors & optical fibres

2. Most common glass Soda lime glass made by heating sand with limestone, CaCO / sodium carbonate NaCO Can be melted at a relatively low temperature Easy to be shaped Has a good chemical durability Has a high thermal expansion coefficient ( its expand a lot when its heated ) ( contracts a lot too when its cooled ) Eg : flat glass, electrical bulbs, mirrors & glass containers
When boron oxide, BO + soda-lime glass borosilicate glass 3. Borosilicate glass Has a lower thermal expansion coeffecient More resistant to chemical attacks because contains less alkali Used in cookware, laboratory glassware, automobile headlights, glass pipelines & applications

4. Lead crystal glass Called crystal / lead glass Made by substituting lead oxide, PbO for calcium oxide, CaO & often for part of the silica, SiO Soft & easy to melt More expensive than soda lime glass Used for finest tableware, lead crystal glassware & art objects Suitable for fine crystal because optically transparent & contains much more lead

Ceramics

Made from clay Eg : clay pots, bricks, tiles & mugs Whne clay is heated to very high temperature, they undergo a series of chemical reactions & are hardened permanently to form ceramics Can withstand high temperature & dont melt easily Also very hard, brittle, chemically inert, dont corrode Theyre good insulators of electricity & heat Their properties make them suitable fo making abrassive, constuction materials, table ware, insulators in electrical equipments & refractories

[F] Composite Materials

Is a stuctual material that is formed by combining 2 / more different substances such as metal, alloys, glass, ceramics & polymers Types of composite materials : reinforced concrete specific ssuperconductor fibre optic fibre glass photochromic glass

1.

Concrete Composite material which consists of a mixture of stones, chips & sand bound together by cements Its strong but brittle & weak in tension Steel is strong When concrete is reinforced with steel, the resulting combination is very tough material with more tensile strength. This material is reinforced concrete
Super conductors Are capable of conductors electricity without any electrical resistance when theyre cooled to extremely low temperature Made from composite materials Used in the bullet trains in Japan & medical magnetic-imaging devices Used in magnetic energy storage systems, generators, transformers & computers parts

2.

3.

A fibre optic Cable consists of a bundle of glass or plastic threads that are surrounded by a glass cladding Is a composite material that is able to transmit data, voice & images in a digital format Also used in instruments internal parts of the body or inspecting the interiors of manufactured structural products Is widely used because of its low material costs, high transmission capacity chemical stability & is less susceptible to interference
Fibre glass When glass fibres are used to reinforce plastic, get a strong composite material called fibre glass Has high tensile strength Can be easily coloured & low in density Can be made into thin layers, yet very strong Also easily moulded & shaped Has been used to make household products like water storage tanks, badminton rackets, smallboats, skis & helmets

4.

5.

Photochromic glass Can be produced by embedding photochromic substances like silver chloride, AgCl crystal in glass / transparent polymers Its exposed to light, silver chloride AgCl is converted to silver & the glass darkens Becomes transparent again when silver is converted back to silver chloride when the light dims Suitable for making optical lenses, car windshields, smart energy efficient windows in buildings, information display panels, lens in cameras, optical switches & light intensity meters