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General Motives:
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Dr Ashutosh N Misal those which must
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Theories of Motivation
• Content theories:
– Alderfer’s ERG theory
– Herzberg’s two factor theory
– Maslow’s need hierarchy theory
• Process theories:
– Lewin and Tolman’s expectancy concerns theory
– Vroom’s valance/ expectancy theory
– Lawler’s E to P and P to O expectancy theory
– Porter and Lawler performance satisfaction theory
• Contemporary theories:
– J Stacy Adams equity theory
– Festineger and Homans’ Cognitive dissonance/ exchange theory
– Kelly and Rotter’s Attribution/ locus of control theory
– Helder, De Charmes, and Bem.s Cognitive evaluation/ self perception theory
• Other theories:
– D C McClelland’s Achievement motivation theory
– Douglas Mcgregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
– Westwood’s theory of motivation
– Murray’s needs theory
– Jahoda’s latent needs theory
– Warr’s vitamin theory
– Feather’s value theory
– Locke’s goal setting theory
– Reinforcement theory
– Job facet theory
Self
Actualization
Need
Esteem Needs
Self esteem, self worth, self regard;
And the esteem, value, regard of
others
Social Needs
The need to belong, To love and be loved, To
interact with others
Security Needs
Seniority Plans, Union, Health Insurance,
Employee Assistance Plans, Severance Pay, Pension
Physiological Needs
Need for food, clothing, shelter, sleep, sex etc
c. Cafeteria
a. Safe working conditions
Safety, security, stability,
2. Safety b. Company benefits
protection
c. Job security
a. Cohesive work group
Love, affection,
3. Social b. Friendly supervision
belongingness
c. Professional Associations
a. Social recognition
Self-esteem, self-respect, b. Job title
4. Esteem
prestige, status c. High status job
d. Feedback from the job itself
a. Challenging job
Interpersonal relations
Salary
Job Security
Working conditions
Level and quality of supervision
Company policy and administration
DISSATISFIERS
SATISFIERS
Sense of achievement
Recognition
Responsibility
Nature of work
Personal growth and advancement
Performance
Effort (accomplishme Satisfacti
nt)
on
Extrinsi
c
Reward
Role s
Percepti
on
Perceived
Effort/
Reward
Probability
• Challenging job
• Equitable rewards
• Supporting work conditions
• Supportive colleagues and
supervisors
NEGLECT LOYALTY
Passiv
e
Destructi Constructi
ve ve
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Morale
• State of mind, especially of persons
associated with some enterprise,
with reference to confidence,
courage, hope etc
• Mental condition or attitude of
individuals and group which
determine their willingness to
cooperate with others to meet
organizational objectives. – Flippo
• Is a composite of attitudes,
behaviours, expressions of opinions
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Factors Influencing Morale
• Job Satisfaction
• Job Involvement
• Organizational Commitment
• Work Environment Setting
• Managerial Style of Working
• Organizational Structure
• Equipment and maintenance of
machines
• Nature of job and work
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How to improve morale?
Sports meet
High consideration for
employee welfare policies
Picnics and
outgoings
Effective communication
device system through
Tournaments
exchange of ideas, Photo and other
information and contests
knowledge Suggestion system
Keeping open information Educational
policy about product, programmes
services, background etc Group health
Information about policies insurance
and procedures Touring and other
Service recognition plants
certificates Housing facility and
Company subsidized cooperative
cafeteria consumer store
Movies and entertainment Library and reading
Festive occasions get rooms
togethers and parties
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Bulletin board
• Low Morale; Low
Productivity
• Low Morale; High
Productivity
• High Morale; Low
Productivity
• High Morale; High
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