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DIGESTION

BIOLOGY 25 LECTURE
A. Santiago
Lecture Content
• Digestive Systems & Major Digestive
• Ingestion & Mastication
• Deglutition
• Peristalsis
• Gastric Secretions
• Intestinal Secretions
• Other Digestive Enzymes
• Secretions of the Colon
• Water and Ion Movement
Digestive Systems
• Major Types in the animal kingdom:
1. Incomplete: only an oral opening
(flatworms); nutrients absorbed via
diffusion into mesenchyme
2. Complete: oral and anal openings
Digestive Processes
• Ingestion: intake of food
• Mastication: mechanical (teeth) &
chemical (saliva) breakdown of food
• Deglutition: swallowing
• Peristalsis: wavelike gut contraction
• Absorption: passage of broken down
food from gut to circulatory/
lymphatic system
• Defecation: elimination of undigested
Ingestion & Mastication
• Functions of the oral cavity and
pharynx
• Key structures: Salivary glands,
Teeth,
Deglutition
• Function of the tongue & epiglottis
• Three phases
1. Voluntary: bolus of food moved by
tongue from oral cavity to pharynx
2. Pharyngeal (reflex): upper esophageal
sphincter relaxes, elevated pharynx
opens the esophagus, food pushed into
esophagus
3. Esophageal (reflex): epiglottis is tipped
posteriorly, larynx elevated to prevent
food from passing into larynx
Deglutition
Peristalsis
• Alternate contraction & relaxation of the
circular & longitudinal muscles of the gut
• Under neuronal control

Upon swallowing (stimulus), the inhibitory pathway neurons in the caudal DMN (cDMN) are activated
first, which causes simultaneous inhibition of all parts of the esophagus. This inhibition lasts longer
in the lower than in the upper parts. As the inhibition ends, sequential activation of excitatory
(including cholinergic) neurons in the rostral DMN (rDMN) elicits a contraction wave that is peristaltic
in nature.
Gastric Secretions
Phases of Gastric Secretion
1. Cephalic Phase: prepare stomach
for arrival of food
2. Gastric Phase: further secretion of
enzymes & stretching of stomach
3. Intestinal Phase: Controlled release
of chyme into the duodenum
Intestinal Secretions
Other Digestive Enzymes
Secretions of the Colon
• Mucus provides protection
– Parasympathetic stimulation increases
rate of goblet cell secretion
• Pumps
– Exchange of bicarbonate ions for
chloride ions
– Exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen
ions
• Bacterial actions produce gases
called flatus
Water and Ions:
• Water
– Can move in either
direction across wall of
small intestine
depending on osmotic
gradients
• Ions
– Sodium, potassium,
calcium, magnesium,
phosphate are actively
transported

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