COUNSELLING AND LISTENING

CULTURE GENDER

SPIRITUALITY

The six stages of the counseling process

Relationship Building Assessment and Diagnosis Formulation of counseling goals Intervention and problem-solving Termination and follow-up Research and evaluation

Relationship Building
Empathy Unconditional positive regard Congruence Respect Immediacy Confrontation Concreteness Self-disclosure

Empathy
Description communicating a sense of caring and understanding Purpose to establish rapport, gain an understanding of the client, and encourage self-exploration in the client

Unconditional positive regard

Description- communicating to the clients that they have value and worth as individuals Purpose to promote acceptance of the client as a person of worth as distinct from accepting the clients behavior

Congruence
Description behaving in a manner consistent with how one thinks and feels Purpose to be genuine (not phony) in interactions with the client

Respect
Description focusing on the positive attributes of the client Purpose to focus on the clients strengths not weaknesses

Immediacy
Description communicating in the hereand-now about what is occurring in the counseling session Purpose to promote direct mutual communication between the counselor and client

Confrontation
Description pointing out discrepancies in what the client is saying and doing ( between statements and non-verbal behavior), and how the client is viewed by the counselor and client Purpose to help clients clearly and accurately understand themselves and the world around them

Concreteness
Description helping clients discuss themselves in specific terms Purpose to help clients focus on pertinent issues

Self-disclosure
Description Making the self known to others Purpose - to promote increasing counseling relevant communication from the client, enhancing the clients evaluation of the counselor, and increasing the clients willingness to seek counseling

Assessment and Diagnosis

Develop an in-depth understanding of a client Identify mental disorders that require attention Can facilitate goal-setting and also suggest types of intervention strategies

Assessment
Standardized measures include psychological tests that have standardized norm group

Non-standardized measures do not have a standardized norm group and include strategies such as clinical interview and assessment of life history

Diagnosis
Facilitating communication shorthand Indicating possible treatment strategies

Aiding in scientific investigation

Formulation of Counseling Goals

Motivational Educational Evaluative Process goals Outcome goals

Five outcome goals

Facilitating behavior change Enhancing coping skills

Promoting decision making

Improving relationships facilitating the clients potential

Intervention and problem-solving

Counseling strategies

Values and beliefs

Strengths and weaknesses

Problem-solving strategies
Problem detection Problem definition Identification of alternative solutions Decision-making

Execution
verification

Nystul problem-solving method

What the client is doing and adding ing Psychology of use of clients behavior

Client realize the cost of not changing

Client develops a new approach that meet the needs identified

Termination and Follow-up

Discussion of the end of counseling Review of the course of counseling

Closure of the client-counselor relationship

Discussion of the clients future Post-counseling plans

Contd.
Ultimate goal in counseling is for counselors to become obsolete or unnecessary to their clients This can occur when clients have worked through their concerns and able to proceed forward in their lives without a counselors assistance A brief follow-up counseling session can be arranged to see how the client is doing and provide additional counseling sevices

Research and Evaluation

Can occur at any time during the counseling process/ termination Single case/small-group research designs Any other intervention strategy Are an integral part of the counseling process Contribute to the knowledge of psychology by promoting an understanding what is occuring in counseling

Listening Skills
Helps clients tell their story and feel connected and understood by a caring and interested person Attending the verbal and nonverbal messages of clients Encouraging clients to freely express themselves Developing a phenomenological understanding of clients Responding in an appropriate manner

Primary Listening Skills

Open-ended questions Paraphrasing Reflection of feeling Minimal encouragers Clarifying remarks Summarizing Perception check

Secondary Listening Skills

Normalizing Structuring

Probing

Effective listening Donts

Avoid moralizing or being judgemental Avoid premature analysis

Avoid parroting
Avoid gimmicky phrases

Effective listening dos

Be in the role of the counselor Try to sense the clients inner message with a third ear Be aware of the non-verbal communication Allow yourself to correct impressions