Unit :- microbial world Sub unit:- prevention and control of diseases th class 8 Biological science

Amena begum-(103) & Asma sultana-(104) B.ed 2007-2008 Biological science Ghulam ahmed college of education Banjara Hills, Road No.-3, Hyderabad

Index
Organism which causes diseases Immunity Types of immunity Vaccination Prevention Control of vectors

Introduction
Micro organisms responsible for the diseases plants and in man and animals. Micro organisms enter the body starts producing toxic substances (toxins) which are harmful to our body as they number of micro organisms increases (during incubation period). The amount of toxins produced also increases. When a quantity sufficient to cause diseases and make a person sick micro organisms destroyed faster than they multiply.

Effects of micro organisms

If body defense mechanisms fails to contain the micro organism then disease symptoms appears and person becomes sick.

Immunity
When a person can resist and with stand repeated attacks of diseases, then he is said to be immune.

Types if Immunity
Natural (inherited) immunity. Artificial (acquired) immunity.

Natural immunity
We are borne with immunity to certain but not all diseases. That is called natural immunity. ex:- we are immune to several diseases that effects other animals like cattles, dogs, horses, cats, etc. These animals are resistant to diseases that effects human beings that is polio, leprosy, diphtheria and measels not seen in catles, horses, dogs, etc.

Artificial immunity
This we dont have from birth we acquired as we grow older this acquired in two ways. (a) active acquired immunity. (b) passive immunity.

Active acquired immunity

The surface of micro organisms contains proteins are antigen it produces proteins called antibodies. Antibodies identifies the antigens in present in micro and bind to them. Such micro organism are required as WBC ( white blood cells) in the blood. The WBC rush to the site of infect and swallow (engulf) the micro organisms. They are killed in WBC and digest antibodies produced against a particular type of bacteria. ex:- Anti bodies produced against polio do not act on bacteria causing tetanus.

Vaccination
This is a development of antibodies against a diseases and become immune to the disease and become immune to the diseases.

 Edward jenner Discovered vaccination in 1776

Process of vaccination
In this process the disease causing micro organisms cultured in the laboratory and collected. they killed by heat treatment then micro organisms made into a suspension and injected into humans. The body reacts to these dead micro organisms if they active produce antibodies. When the same disease producing organisms enter into body, these antibodies will react and kill them. The person is not effected by the disease even if he is exposed to the diseases causing by micro org. immunity develops due to vaccination persist for a longer time or through out the life sometime. At present vaccines are available for various diseases cholera, typhoid, diphtheria, whooping cough, polio, tuberculosis etc. some of vaccines if taken once. The immunity persists for life time while in some cases the immunity will last only for limited time.

Artificial immunity
This we dont have from birth we acquired as we grow older this acquired in two ways. (a) active acquired immunity. (b) passive immunity.

Passive immunity
In this process serum used for vaccination. serum is injected into persons effected with a disease. The antibodies present in this serum fight against the micro org. The immunity develops with serum injection will disappear after a short time.

Spread of micro organisms

Several diseases causing micro organisms spread through soil water and air

Preventions of diseases from micro organisms by soil, air and water.

We prevent the entry of micro organisms from the soil into our body by washing and cleaning the hands before eating food. Food and water must be kept covered till it is eaten. Wounds and cuts should be washed with clean water or with dilute alcohol. Sterile and dry bandage cloth and an anti tetanus injection should be taken/ It is always better to boil water for about 10-15 minutes and filter. The water before drinking filter removes the micro organisms in the water. Disease causing micro organisms also present in air that is viruses and bacteria which are very small and light. we can prevent by covering the nose and mouth with a cloth while we are in contaminated areas. Diseases are also spread by flies, cockroaches, mosquitoes, lice and ticks. They live in filthy places. They carry diseases from filthy places to food and water. The flies mosquitoes cause diseases like malaria, filaria, plague, diarhea ,yellow fever, viral fever, etc.

Prevention from spreading of diseases

Spread of these diseases can be prevented by reducing the population of theses vectors. insects are also responsible for the spread of viral bacterial and fungal diseases in plants. Crops should be sprayed with insecticides like DOT. Plant diseases can be controlled by crops rotation implementation. Spraying of chemicals, burning of diseased plants etc. best method to control plant diseases is to control plant diseases is to grow disease resistant varieties.