Public Key Cryptography

And RSA

BY
VINEETH MATHEW
(1NH02EC059)
 Cryptography

•The art of secret message writing.

•Creating texts that can be only read

by authorized individuals .
Cryptographic goals

Confidentiality
Data integrity
Authentication
Non-repudiation
 Terminology
 Plaintext: Original intelligible
message
Encryption algorithm: It

performs various
substitutions and
transformations on the plaintext
Key: Is a word that is used to encrypt the plaintext


Ciphertext: Is a scrambled message produced as ou



Decryption algorithm: Opposite of encryption algor


 Encryption
Plain-text input Cipher-text
“The quick “AxCv;5bmEseTfid3
brown fox )fGsmWe#4^,sdgfM
jumps over wir3:dkJeTsY8R\s@
the lazy !q3%”
dog”
Encryption
Algorithm

key
 Decryption
Cipher-text Plain-text output
“The quick
“AxCv;5bmEseTfid3)f brown fox
GsmWe#4^,sdgfMwir jumps over
3:dkJeTsY8R\s@!q3 the lazy
%” dog”
Decryption
Algorithm

key
Mathematical Notation
P: plaintext
C: ciphertext
K : key
E: encryption function
D: decryption function
C = Ek(P)

P = Dk(C)
 Types of Cryptography
Using Keys

• Secret key cryptography: one key

• Public key cryptography: two keys -
public, private
 Secret Key Cryptography
Plain-text input Plain-text output
Cipher-text
“The quick “The quick
brown fox “AxCv;5bmEseTfid3)f brown fox
jumps over GsmWe#4^,sdgfMwir jumps over
the lazy 3:dkJeTsY8R\s@!q3 the lazy
dog” %” dog”
Encryption Decryption
Algorithm Algorithm

Same key
(shared secret)
 Public Key
Cryptography
 Public-Key Cryptography
• 1976: W. Diffie and M.E. Hellman
proposed the first public-key
• public-key/asymmetric cryptography
involves the use of two keys:

a public-key, which may be known by anybody

a private-key, which is kept private

 Essential Steps

• Each user generates a pair of keys

• Each user places one key in public
register
 Public Key Cryptography
Clear-text Input Cipher-text Clear-text Output
“The quick “The quick
brown fox “Py75c%bn&*)9| brown fox
jumps over fDe^bDFaq#xzjFr@g jumps over
the lazy 5=&nmdFg$5knvMd’r the lazy
dog” kvegMs” dog”
Encryption Decryption
Algorithm Algorithm

Different keys
Public Key Cryptography
Public Key Cryptography
Public Key Cryptography
 Public Key Cryptography
•Advantage •Disadvantages

• Solves problem of • Extremely slow

passing the key • Large key size
• Only the private key
must be kept secret
 Secret v. Public Keys
Attribute Secret Key Public Key

Current algorithms DES, 3DES, Blowfish RSA, Diffie-Hellman,

DSA

Speed Fast Slow

Keys Only one key Private: kept secret

Public: widely distributed

Key length 56-bit usually 1,024 suggested (RSA)

128-bit considered safe
 RSA
Algorithm
 RSA
By Rivest, Shamir &Adleman
Best known & widely used
It is based on number theory
The key size ranges between
512 and 2048
 The RSA Algorithm– Key
Generation
• Select p,q ; p and q both prime
• Calculate n = p x q
• Calculate Φ (n) = ( p − 1)(q − 1)
• Select integer e gcd(Φ (n), e) = 1; 1 < e < Φ (n)
• Calculate d d = e −1 mod Φ( n)
• Public Key KU = {e,n}
• Private key KR = d
The RSA Algorithm –

Encryption
•Plaintext: M<n
•Ciphertext: C = Me (mod n)
Decryption
•Ciphertext: C
•Plaintext: M = Cd (mod n)
 RSA Example
• Select primes: p=17 & q=11
• Compute n = p*q =17×11=187
• Compute ø(n)=(p–1)(q-1)= 16×10=160
• Select e : gcd(e,160)=1; e=7
5 Compute d = e-1 mod φ(n) = 7 -1mod 160
=23
6. Publish public key KU={7,187}
7. Keep secret private key KR= 23
 RSA Example

given message M = 88 (ie. 88<187)

Encryption
C = 887 mod 187 = 11 C = Me (mod n)
Decryption
M = 1123 mod 187 = 88 M = Cd (mod n)
 Biblography

Cryptography And Network Security

-William Stallings

Applied Cryptography
- Bruce Schneier
THANK YOU