TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Model

Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol
Basically condensed version of OSI
Layers
Composed of four layers
Also known as DOD model.
Internet is built on the foundation of the TCP/IP
suite.

TCP/IP protocols were initially researched

under a project in the Department of Defense
(DOD).

DOD was committed to international standards

and most of its operational requirements
couldn’t be met by the OSI model. So it started
to develop the TCP/IP. Since the DOD is the
largest consumer of software products in the
world, the vendors were encouraged to
develop TCP/IP based products.
Process/ Application Layer –
Integrates various activities and duties of
top three layers of OSI model.

Host to Host Layer –

Parallels the function of the Transport
layer.
Defining protocols for setting up the level
of transmission service for applications.
ARP & RARP

ARP –
Finds the hardware address of a host
from known IP address

RARP –
Resolves IP address from known MAC
Address.
IP & ICMP

Internet Protocol (IP) –

Looks at each packet address
It decides where a packet is to be sent
next, choosing the best path.

ICMP –
Management protocol
Service provider for IP.
Internet Layer Protocols

Internet Protocol
Internet Control Message Protocol
Address Resolution Protocol
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
Key Protocols under UDP

SNMP - 161
TFTP - 69
DNS - 53
DHCP - 67
Key Protocols that use TCP

Telnet - 23
SMTP - 25
HTTP - 80
FTP - 21
DNS - 53
HTTPS - 443
 PORT NUMBERS

TCP & UDP must use port numbers to

communicate with upper layers.

Port numbers keeps track of different

conversation crossing the network
simultaneously

Port numbers below 1024 are considered

as well known port numbers
UDP – Quick Review

Unsequenced
Un reliable
Connectionless
No acknowledgement
No flow control
TCP – Quick Review

Sequenced
Reliable
Connection oriented
Acknowledgement
Flow Control
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Known as “Connectionless Protocol”

Transporting information that doesn’t

require reliable delivery.
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
Known as “Connection Oriented.”
Takes large block of information and
segments into data
Numbers and sequences each segment.
After segments are sent, waits for
acknowledgement from the receiving
end.
Retransmits those unacknowledged.
Host – to – Host Layer Protocols
Line Printer Daemon (LPD) –
Designed for printer sharing

Simple Network Management Protocol

Collects and Manipulates valuable network
information.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

(DHCP)
Assigns IP address to host.
In addition to widely known protocols, the
application layer includes the following
protocols:

Domain Name Service (DNS). Also called

name service; this application maps IP
addresses to the names assigned to network
devices.

Simple Network Management Protocol

(SNMP). A protocol that is used to collect
management information from network devices.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Performs
basic interactive file transfers between hosts.

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP).

Sends and receives files, no directory-
browsing abilities

Telnet. Enables users to execute terminal

sessions with remote hosts.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).

Supports basic message delivery services.

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Supports the low-overhead transport of files
consisting of a mixture of text and graphics.
APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS
Internet Layer –
Corresponds to network layer of OSI
layer
Designating the protocols relating to the
logical transmission of packets.

Network Access Layer –

Equals to Data link layer and Physical
layer.
Monitors the data exchange between the
host and the network
Internet Layer –
Corresponds to network layer of OSI
layer
Designating the protocols relating to the
logical transmission of packets.

Network Access Layer –

Equals to Data link layer and Physical
layer.
Monitors the data exchange between the
host and the network
APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS
File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Performs
basic interactive file transfers between hosts.

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP).

Sends and receives files, no directory-
browsing abilities

Telnet. Enables users to execute terminal

sessions with remote hosts.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).

Supports basic message delivery services.

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Supports the low-overhead transport of files
consisting of a mixture of text and graphics.
In addition to widely known protocols, the
application layer includes the following
protocols:

Domain Name Service (DNS). Also called

name service; this application maps IP
addresses to the names assigned to network
devices.

Simple Network Management Protocol

(SNMP). A protocol that is used to collect
management information from network devices.
Line Printer Daemon (LPD) –
Designed for printer sharing

Simple Network Management Protocol

Collects and Manipulates valuable network
information.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

(DHCP)
Assigns IP address to host.
Host – to – Host Layer Protocols
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
Known as “Connection Oriented.”
Takes large block of information and
segments into data
Numbers and sequences each segment.
After segments are sent, waits for
acknowledgement from the receiving
end.
Retransmits those unacknowledged.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Known as “Connectionless Protocol”

Transporting information that doesn’t

require reliable delivery.
TCP – Quick Review

Sequenced
Reliable
Connection oriented
Acknowledgement
Flow Control
UDP – Quick Review

Unsequenced
Un reliable
Connectionless
No acknowledgement
No flow control
 PORT NUMBERS

TCP & UDP must use port numbers to

communicate with upper layers.

Port numbers keeps track of different

conversation crossing the network
simultaneously

Port numbers below 1024 are considered

as well known port numbers
Key Protocols that use TCP

Telnet - 23
SMTP - 25
HTTP - 80
FTP - 21
DNS - 53
HTTPS - 443
Key Protocols under UDP

SNMP - 161
TFTP - 69
DNS - 53
DHCP - 67
Internet Layer Protocols

Internet Protocol
Internet Control Message Protocol
Address Resolution Protocol
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
IP & ICMP

Internet Protocol (IP) –

Looks at each packet address
It decides where a packet is to be sent
next, choosing the best path.

ICMP –
Management protocol
Service provider for IP.
ARP & RARP

ARP –
Finds the hardware address of a host
from known IP address

RARP –
Resolves IP address from known MAC
Address.