July, 2003 2003 by H.L.

Bertoni
1
I. Introduction to Wave
Propagation
Waves on transmission lines
Plane waves in one dimension
Reflection and transmission at junctions
Spatial variations for harmonic time
dependence
Impedance transformations in space
Effect of material conductivity
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
2
Waves on Transmission Lines
Equivalent circuits using distributed C and L
Characteristic wave solutions
Power flow
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
3
Examples of Transmission Lines
I(z,t) +
V(z,t) -
z
I(z,t) +
V(z,t) -
Dielectric
Conductors
Strip Line
Coaxial Line
Two-Wire Line
(Twisted Pair)
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
4
Properties of Transmission Lines (TLs)
Two wires having a uniform cross-section in one
(z) dimension
Electrical quantities consist of voltage V(z,t) and
current I(z,t) that are functions of distance z along
the line and time t
Lines are characterized by distributed capacitance
C and inductance L between the wires
C and L depend on the shape and size of the conductors
and the material between them
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
5
Capacitance of a Small Length of Line
I(t) +
V(t) -
l
Open circuit
E
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
6
Inductance of a Small Length of Line
I(t) +
V(t) -
l
Short circuit B
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
7
C and L for an Air Filled Coaxial Line
a
b
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
8
C and L for Parallel Plate Line
w
h
z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
9
Two-Port Equivalent Circuit of Length Az
I(z,t) +
V(z,t)
-
z z+Az z
LAz C Az
I(z,t) +
V(z,t)
-
+ I(z +Az,t)
V(z+Az,t)
-
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
10
Transmission Line Equations
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
11
Conditions for Existence of TL Solution
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
12
F(t-z/v) Is a Wave Traveling in +z Direction
V(z,0)=F[(-1/v)(z)]
V(z,t)=F[(-1/v)(z-vt)]
a z
-a
a+vt z
-a+vt
vt
t = 0
t > 0
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
13
G(t+z/v) Is a Wave Traveling in -z Direction
V(z,0)=G[(1/v)(z)]
a 2a z
t = 0
V(z,t)=G[(1/v)(z+vt)]
2a-vt z
-vt
a-vt
t > 0
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
14
Example of Source Excitation

z
V
S
(t)
+
0
R
S
I(0,t)
V(0,t)
+
V
S
(t)
I(0,t) R
S

V(0,t)
0 z

July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
15
Receive Voltage Further Along Line
+
V
S
(t)

z
V
S
(t)
+
0 l
R
S
V(l,t)
Scope
R
S

V(-l,t)
-l 0 z

Scope
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
16
Power Carried by Waves
P(z,t)
I(z,t)
V(z,t)
z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
17
Summary of Solutions for TLs
Solutions for V and I consists of the sum of the
voltages and current of two waves propagating in
z directions
For either wave, the physical current flows in the
direction of propagation in the positive wire
Semi-infinite segment of TL appears at its
terminals as a resistance of value Z (even though
the wires are assumed to have no resistance)
The waves carry power independently in the
direction of wave propagation
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
18
Plane Waves in One Dimension
Electric and magnetic fields in terms of voltage
and current
Maxwells equations for 1-D propagation
Plane wave solutions
Power and polarization
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
19
Electric Field and Voltage for Parallel Plates
w
h
z
y
E
x
(z,t) +
V(z,t)
-
x
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
20
Magnetic Field and Current for Parallel Plates
w
h
z
y
H
y
(z,t) or B
y
(z,t)
I(z,t)
x
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
21
Maxwells Equations in 1-D
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
22
Plane Waves: Solutions to Maxwell Equations
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
23
Power Density Carried by Plane Waves
E
Direction of
propagation
H
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
24
Polarization
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
25
Examples of Polarization
E
x z
H
y
x z
E
y H
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
26
Summary of Plane Waves
Plane waves are polarized with fields E and H
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of
propagation
Wave velocity is the speed of light in the medium
ExH watts/m
2
is the power density carried by a
plane wave
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
27
Reflection and Transmission at
Junctions
Junctions between different propagation media
Reflection and transmission coefficients for 1-D
propagation
Conservation of power, reciprocity
Multiple reflection/transmission

July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
28
Junctions Between Two Regions
0 z
I(0
-
,t) I(0
+
,t)
TL 1 V(0
-
,t)
+
V(0
+
,t) TL 2
E
x
(0
-
,t) E
x
(0
+
,t)

H
y
(0
-
,t) H
y
(0
+
,t)
Medium 1 Medium 2
x
z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
29
Reflection and Transmission
Incident wave
E
x
In
(z,t)=F
1
(t-z/v
1
)
H
y
In
(z,t) Transmitted wave

Reflected wave
v
1
and q
1
v
2
and q
2

x
z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
30
Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
31
Reflection and Transmission, cont.
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
32
Reflected and Transmitted Power
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
33
Conservation of Power and Reciprocity
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
34
Termination of a Transmission Line
I(0
-
,t)
TL V(0
-
,t)
+
R
L
0 z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
35
Reflections at Multiple Interfaces
Incident wave
E
x
In
(z,t)=F
1
(t-z/v
1
)
Transmitted
H
y
In
(z,t) waves

Reflected waves
Multiple
internal
reflections
v
1
and q
1
v
2
and q
2
v
3
and q
3

x
0 l z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
36
Scattering Diagram for a Layer
1
I
12

T
12
I
23
T
21


T
12
(I
23
)
2
I
21
T
21
T
12
T
23



T
12
I
23
I
21
T
23


T
12
(I
23
)
2
(I
21
)
2

T
23
l z
2l/v
2

4l/v
2


t
T
12
T
12
I
23
T
12
I
23
I
21
T
12
(I
23
)
2
I
21
T
12
(I
23
)
2
(I
21
)
2

T
12
(I
23
)
3
(I
21
)
2
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
37
Summary of Reflection and Transmission
The planar interface between two media is analogous to the
junction of two transmission lines
At a single interface (junction) the equation T = 1 + I is a
statement of the continuity of electric field (voltage)
The ratio of reflected to incident power = I
2
Power is conserved so that the ratio of transmitted to incident
power = 1 - I
2

The reciprocity condition implies that reflected and transmitted
power are the same for incidence from either medium
At multiple interfaces, delayed multiple interactions complicate
the description of the reflected and transmitted fields for
arbitrary time dependence
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
38
Spatial Variations for Harmonic
Time Dependence
Traveling and standing wave representations of
the z dependence
Period average power
Impedance transformations to account for layered
materials
Frequency dependence of reflection from a layer
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
39
Harmonic Time Dependence at z = 0
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
40
Traveling Wave Representation
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
41
Standing Wave Representation
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
42
Variation of the Voltage Magnitude
|V
+
|

z
0 /2 z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
43
Standing Wave Before a Conductor
I
SC
q, v short
0 z

Incident wave
E
x
In
(z)
H
y
In
(z)

E
x
Re
(z)
Reflected wave
x
Perfect
conductor
0 z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
44
Standing Wave Before a Conductor, cont.
qI
SC
- 3/4 /2 /4 0 z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
45
Period Averaged Power
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
46
Reflection From a Load Impedance
V
+

V
-
Z
L
0 z
I(0)
V(0)
+
Z
L
0 z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
47
Summary of Spatial Variation for Harmonic
Time Dependence
Field variation can be represented by two traveling waves
or two standing waves
The magnitude of the field for a pure traveling wave is
independent of z
The magnitude of the field for a pure standing wave is
periodic in z with period /2
The period average power is the algebraic sum of the
powers carried by the traveling waves
The period average power is independent of z no matter if
the wave is standing or traveling
The fraction of the incident power carried by a reflected
wave is ,I,
2

July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
48
Impedance Transformations
in Space
Impedance variation in space
Using impedance for material layers
Frequency dependence of reflection from a brick
wall
Quarter wave matching layer
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
49
Defining Impedance Along a TL
I(0)
Z
IN
V(0)
+
Z
L
-l 0 z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
50
Properties of the Impedance Transform
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
51
Using Transform for Layered Media
Incident wave
E
x
In
(z) E
x
TR
(z)
Transmitted
H
y
In
(z) wave

E
x
Re
(z)
Reflected wave


v
1
, q
1
v
2
, q
2
v
3
, q
3

x
0 l z
Z
IN
(l) Z
L
= q
3

Z= q
2

July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
52
Circuit Solution for Reflection Coefficient
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
53
Example 1: Reflection at a Brick Wall
w
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
54
Example 1: Reflection at a Brick Wall, cont.
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0 f
GHz
,I,
2
9/25
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
55
Example 2: Quarter Wave Layers
Incident wave
E
x
In
(z) E
x
TR
(z)
Transmitted
H
y
In
(z) wave

E
x
Re
(z)
Reflected wave


v
1
, q
1
v
2
, q
2
v
3
, q
3

l=t/(2k
2
)=
2
/4
x
0 z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
56
Example 2: Quarter Wave Layers, cont.
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
57
Summary of Impedance Transformation
The impedance repeats every half wavelength in
space, and is inverted every quarter wavelength
Impedances can be cascaded to find the impedance
seen by an incident wave
Reflection from a layer has periodic frequency
dependence with minima (or maxima) separated
by Af = v
2
/(2w)
Quarter wave layers can be used impedance
matching to eliminate reflections
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
58
Effect of Material Conductivity
Equivalent circuit for accounting for conductivity
Conductivity of some common dielectrics
Effect of conductivity on wave propagation
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
59
G, C, L for Parallel Plate Line
w
h
z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
60
Equivalent Circuit for Harmonic Waves
+
I(z) V(z)
-
z z+Az z
I(z) +
V(z)
+ I(z +Az)
V(z+Az)
jeLAz je C Az G
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
61
Harmonic Fields and Maxwells Equations
w
h
z
y
H
y
(z)
I(z)
x
+
V(z)
E
x
(z)
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
62
Maxwells Equations With Medium Loss
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
63
Constants for Some Common Materials
When conductivity exists, use complex dielectric constant given by

c = c
o
(c
r
- jc") where c" = o/ec
o
and c
o
~ 10
-9
/36t

Material* c
r
o (mho/m)c" at 1 GHz
Lime stone wall 7.5 0.03 0.54
Dry marble 8.8 0.22
Brick wall 4 0.02 0.36
Cement 4 - 6 0.3
Concrete wall 6.5 0.08 1.2
Clear glass 4 - 6 0.005 - 0.1
Metalized glass 5.0 2.5 45
Lake water 81 0.013 0.23
Sea Water 81 3.3 59
Dry soil 2.5 -- --
Earth 7 - 30 0.001 - 0.03 0.02 - 0.54

* Common materials are not well defined mixtures and often contain water.
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
64
Incorporating Material Loss Into Waves
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
65
Wave Number and Impedance
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
66
Effect of Loss on Traveling Waves
,V
+
,

,V
+
, /e
1/o z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
67
Attenuation in dB
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
68
Effect of Loss on Traveling Waves, cont.
1/o
=2t/|

V
+

V
+
/e
z
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
69
Loss Damps Out Reflection in Media
Traveling wave
amplitude
z
Reflecting
boundary
Incident wave
Reflected wave
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
70
Effect of Damping on the |I| for a Wall
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0 f
GHz
,I,
2
9/25
1/9
July, 2003 2003 by H.L.
Bertoni
71
Summary of Material Loss
Conductivity is represented in Maxwells equations
by a complex equivalent dielectric constant
The wavenumber k = | jo and wave impedance
q then have imaginary parts
The attenuation length = 1/o
Loss in a medium damps out reflections within a
medium