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INTRODUCTION OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF STANDARD SMR PWM TECHNIQUES FEATURES OF THE SMR USED IN THE POWER PLANT CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL SMR ADVANCED VERSION OF SMR APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES CONCLUSION REFERENCES
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Switch mode rectifier is a rectifier used with an objective to eliminate certain problems in conventional rectifier. It has following merits against conventional rectifier-:
Power factor is maintained close to unity.
Source current becomes approximately sinusoidal.
known as SMR .
Also referred as Unity power
rectifier(UPR)
Essential component in SMPS and UPS Widely implemented in the field of
telecommunication.
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Basically consists of bridge rectifier and boost converter Bridge rectifier performs AC to DC convertion &
boost converter is a DC to DC step up chopper Operates in two modes- ON mode OFF mode ON modei)switch S is closed ii) input voltage after rectification appears across the inductor, boost inductor stores energy
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CONTD..
Following conditions are to be maintained during circuit operation The DC output voltage must be greater The power balance is maintained by
The PWM techniques used in this case are in the case of two categoriesA) Sinusoidal PWM (indirect current control technique) B) Hysteresis current control technique (Direct current controlled PWM)
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voltage, which is derived from source is in phase with the source voltage.
This voltage is compared with carrier
signal and where ever one signal exceeds/falls below the other one, the switching instants of the device are derived.
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Most common method used for SMR and easier to implement. Meant for low power application. In this method the reference current signal (derived from source voltage) is in phase with source voltage Reference current is allowed to pass through a hysteresis band , so that actual current must follow within the band.
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SMR used commonly in power plants and industrial sector must have the following features like-:
light weight
Hot swappable module which allow low
mean time to repair , without requiring power plant shut down for repair work or preventive maintenance
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voltage adjustment
ON/OFF power switch must disable DC
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The key components of the monitoring feature are- Rectifier Failure alarm (RFA) and LED indicator If the rectifier detects a problem, the red front panel LED illuminates.
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Contd..
The RFA alarm generally signifies a
i)When ambient and internal heat sink temperatures are monitored, RFA is generated if ambient temperature exceeds the normal level (>800) or internal heat sink occurs(>1100)
ii)When cooling fan of SMR fails to operate normally
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CONTD.
iii)When rectifier senses bus voltage more
than the specified value iv)Some crucial internal function of the rectifier not operating correctly
alarm provides even more information. The plant provide minor to major alarm upgrades with one or more failures. controller can determine the no. of SMRs on line, detect the AC power failure
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SMR are Remote restart (RS) & high voltage shut down (HVSD).
down set point. That means no rectifier component failure should result in an output voltage greater than that of the set voltage.
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must have an excellent power factor high efficiency low cost operation Hot insertion capability must be available .
because it allows rectifier placement without system shutdown control & monitoring unit must be easy to install with minimal labour, minimum installation expenses and must deliver a high performance
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CONTD
equipped with over voltage or over
current protection To avoid load or damage of rectifier A variable fan must be placed there to maintain ambient temperature .
user facilities should be placed on the
stress protection
Pb-free packages are available
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High efficiency
High operating junction
temperature
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SMPS is having wide applications in the following areas chiefly: Consumer electronics like TVs, PCs, CD players Tools in industries Security systems (close circuit cameras) Support system of PLC etc
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Input current is approximately sinusoidal Power factor is close to unity Fast dynamic response High efficiency Economical Light weight & reduced size .hence portable Insensitive to variation of input voltage.
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having large value used , so switching frequency increases . Hence switching losses increases & efficiency decreases .
An auxiliary boost converter along with main
matured level for improving power quality in terms of power factor correction(PFC), and reducing total harmonic distortion
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Baliga, B. jayant, Advanced Power Rectifier Concepts Vol 4, no.6, 1992 Alok Jain, power electronics and its application Vol 8, no. 5, 1996
Keng Wu Power Rectifiers and Converter William Shepherd, Li zhang ,Li Zhang Crowther Power converter
circuits
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Electronics/rectifier
www.edu-doc.com/pdf/switch-mode-rectifier
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