Grid Connection of Embedded Generators

David Roberts Dulas Ltd, UK

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Grid Connection of Embedded Generators This presentation will: Outline the issues concerned with the grid connection of embedded generators Outline the work undertaken in Sri Lanka in the year 2000 on the grid connection of embedded generators

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What is Embedded Generation?

Embedded generation describes any generation system that is connected to the distribution network. It derives from the generation being embedded into the distribution network. There is no formal definition of what is a distribution system and what is therefore an embedded generator. Commonly systems up to 33 kV are described as distribution systems, where either consumer loads or lines leading to consumer loads are present.

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Why is this a subject requiring attention? Distribution networks are primarily designed to distribute power from a central transmission system down to consumer loads connected to the distribution system, the power flow is one way With embedded generation the power flow is more complex and may be both ways There are plans for the implementation of increasing amounts of smaller grid connected generation systems.
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What are the key factors to be considered? Grid stability and security Fault Level Interconnection Protection Islanded Operation Voltage levels Earthing Load flow Connection application process Testing and maintenance of protection
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Grid stability and security

Maintenance of grid stability and security are prime requirements for the specification of interconnection equipment and regulations. The grid supply system may be subject to: increasing load demand low availability of spinning reserve load shedding to maintain system security an increasing use of embedded generation

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Grid Stability
Connection and disconnection of embedded generation may cause grid disturbances which may affect grid stability and reliability. This is particularly the case if there is the loss of a large amount of embedded generation at one time and embedded generation may be a significant contribution towards overall generation capacity. There is usually no central control over embedded generation operation
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Grid Security
There will be increasing amounts of embedded generation in Indonesia This is likely to lead to an increasing proportion of the grid load being supplied by embedded generation. The security of supply of the embedded generation will become more significant for the security of the grid as a whole.

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Fault levels
The connection of embedded generation will contribute to the fault levels in the system This may require changes to the protection equipment on the distribution system This is usually only a factor when there are large sizes or large numbers of embedded generators in one area.

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Interconnection Protection
There is a requirement for some electrical protection at the point of connection to ensure that:
Operation of the generator will not compromise the safety of the grid system Deviations in the grid system will not damage the generator equipment Safety on the distribution system and at the generation station is maintained Islanded operation of sections of the distribution system is prevented DULAS

Islanded operation
Islanded operation is where:
a section of the distribution network is separated from the rest of the network (islanded) and the supply to the separated section is maintained by embedded generation

This is potentially dangerous in that there is little control on voltage or frequency and the protection systems of the distribution network may not operate due to the limited capacity of the embedded generation
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Voltage Levels
Embedded generation will cause changes to the voltage levels in the distribution system generally it will raise the voltage at points along the distribution network. This voltage rise must be limited to ensure that the supplies to consumers remain within statutory and safe working limits

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Earthing
Embedded generators ususally genrate at low voltage (400V 3 phase) and require suitable earthing for their safe operation The connection points will usually include switch gear and transformers which require suitable high voltage earthing These earthing systems must be separated to ensure the safety of the plant in fault conditions

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Load Flow and Grid System operation

Embedded generators will change the load flow in in the distribution system. In some cases power will be fed from the distribution system into the transmission system These changes in load flow may cause transmission and distribution system voltage control and protection devices to operate incorrectly.

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Connection process
A standard process is required for an embedded generator to: Apply for a connection Agree the connection requirements, specifications and costs Implement and test the connection protection Operate and maintain the connection protection

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Testing and Maintenance

The connection protection and earthing needs to be maintained and tested. The distribution system will rely on the operation of the embedded generation protection for safe and reliable operation Maintenance and testing requirements need to be defined and implemented

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Typical connection arrangement

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The Sri Lanka Guide to Interconnection Of Embedded Generators 2000

The work undertaken in Sri Lanka included: Meetings and discussions with many departments of the Ceylon Electricity Board, existing and prospective embedded generation companies and consultants working in the field of embedded generation. The man outputs were: The production of a Guide Training courses for CEB and private generation company personnel

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The Sri Lanka Guide to Interconnection Of Embedded Generators 2000

The work was undertaken by a consortium of companies and consultants from Sri Lanka and the UK. The lead partners were: Resource Management Associates in Sri Lanka Dulas Ltd in UK The work was funded by the World Bank through the Pre Electrification Unit of the CEB

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - SriLanka

Studies and Information Requirements

The CEB will need to undertake studies to ascertain the acceptability and requirements for the connection of a new embedded generator. These studies will require information from the proposed generating company. The generating company will also require some information from the CEB to design suitable protection arrangements and maybe to modify proposed designs to suit particular grid requirements.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Studies to be undertaken by the CEB at the time of a connection application

The following studies may be conducted by the CEB: Stability Fault Level Grid protection Voltage levels Earthing Load flow

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Stability
The affect on local stability of new embedded generation capacity should be analysed when the capacity of the new plant exceeds 5MW, or when the total capacity on a single distribution line exceeds 5MW. For small generators, typically less than 1MW, the requirement for stability information from the Generating Company may be waived. The Generating Company shall provide a model of the AVR of the proposed generators where the capacity exceeds 5MW.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Fault Level
The cumulative effect of of the embedded generator(s) on the design fault level for the distribution system shall be assessed by the CEB. A study should be undertaken when the cumulative fault level reaches 90% of the rating of the associated switchgear, or the design fault level. The CEB may require more detailed information from the generator than that specified in Annex 3.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Protection
The effect on the distribution system protection ratings and settings shall be studied if any of the following apply: the proposed generating site maximum short circuit current is greater than 20% of the distribution system short circuit current the cumulative short circuit current from all embedded generators on a distribution line will exceed 30% of the distribution system short circuit current there will be a net export of power from the distribution system to the 132 kV transmission system. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Voltage Levels
The nominal voltage at the Point of Supply (POS) shall be stated by the CEB in the LOI. The voltage rise at the POS must be within operational limits. A two stage approach shall be made to studies 1) Exclude load connections 2) Include load connections The stage 2 study is required when the stage 1 study indicates a potential problem.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Earthing
The Guide provides information on acceptable earthing practices and earthing requirements for a variety of situations. An Annex on earthing is included to provide background information on earthing. The Generating Company shall provide information about the proposed earthing arrangement to the CEB. It is the responsibility of the Generating Company to provide adequate earthing at a generating site. The interconnection of generating site and CEB earth systems should be considered for each site situation with reference to the Guide. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Load Flow
To assess the load flow at the distribution transformer the maximum cumulative generation capacity and the minimum captive load on the distribution line shall be calculated. This will indicate if there are conditions under which there will be an export of power from the distribution line to the 132 kV transmission system. If export is likely to occur the protection at the sub station will need to be studied.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Information Requirements
The initial information to be provided by the CEB and the generating company are given in a pro forma in Annex 3. This information exchange is to follow the issue of an LOI. The Generating Company shall later provide the following information, prior to acceptance testing: the proposed interconnection protection implementation protection test procedures drawings showing the protection arrangements DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Synchronisation of Generators

Synchronisation
Synchronisation means the minimisation of the difference in magnitude, frequency and phase angle between the corresponding phases of the generator output and the grid supply prior to the connection of the two supplies. Synchronisation can be achieved either manually or automatically, the latter is preferable. It is very unlikely that new installations will include only manual synchronisation. If manual synchronisation is suggested its safe and reliable operation should be seriously considered and implemented carefully. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Synchronisation of Generators

Synchronisation (2)
Voltage Fluctuation
During Synchronisation of a single generator, the induced voltage fluctuation on the grid should not normally exceed 3% at the Point of Common Coupling, The requirements of voltage step and flicker given in Section 11 should also be met.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Synchronisation of Generators

Synchronisation of Synchronous Generators

Generator output frequency must be the same as the grid frequency. The phase angle between the generator output and the grid supply must be less than specified limits The rate of change in phase angle between the grid and the generator must be within specified limits Then the generator may be connected to the grid

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Synchronisation of Generators

Synchronisation Methods for Synchronous Generators

Control motive power to generator to achieve synchronisation. Usually indicated with Synchroscope lights or indicator. Problems of controlling large rotating masses and motive power Control of the load on the generator to achieve synchronisation. This is usually done with an Electronic Load Control (ELC) system Requires a dump load, it provides very smooth an accurate synchronisation. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Synchronisation of Generators

Synch Check relays

A synch check relay must be used to check that the synchronisation of the generator and the grid is within the specified limits The relay must operate on at least two, and preferably all three phases to ensure phase rotation is correct

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators- Synchronisation of Generators

Synchronisation limits
The limits specified in the Guide for allowing synchronisation are: Phase angle +/- 20 degrees Maximum voltage difference 7% Maximum slip frequency 0.44 %

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - -Synchronisation of Generators

Synchronisation of Induction Generators

Two main methods of synchronisation: Use of electronic soft start unit to motor the generator up to synchronous speed Mechanically drive the generator up to synchronous speed. Once at, or slightly above, synchronous speed the generator may be connected to the grid.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Synchronisation of Generators

Synchronisation of Induction Generators (2)

Inrush Current There will be a large inrush current when the generator is connected. This current is building up the field in the generator. The inrush current may be reduced by adding series resistance for a short time after connection. A large inrush current will cause problems to the local grid, which must provide the current

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Grid protection
The addition of embedded generation may change the requirements for grid protection. There will be a fault level contribution from the embedded generator, though this is usually small. It is important that grid system protection will operate when required. If a grid sub station becomes a net exporter of power to the 132kV system the operation of voltage control and distance protection systems will require study and modification.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Hazards of Islanding
The hazards created during islanded operation are: Unearthed operation of the distribution system Lower fault levels Out of synchronisation reclosure Voltage levels outside statutory limits Reduction in quality of supply Risk to maintenance personnel

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Islanding
Due to the hazards listed the operation of an islanded situation is to be avoided. There may be an advantage to consumers, and generating companies, to allow islanded operation in the maintenance of supply when a line has been disconnected. This advantage is small and the hazards outweigh the advantages.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Detection of Islanded operation

The onset of an islanded situation will be accompanied by a disturbance in the grid. The detection of islanded operation relies of the detection of this disturbance. The disturbance may take the form of: a change in voltage or frequency a single shift in voltage vector a change in reactive power flow

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Common Cause Tripping

A prime consideration in the development of the detection and protection requirements is to minimise the potential for multiple tripping of embedded generators due to grid disturbances or faults on adjacent lines which may not require a generator to be disconnected. This multiple tripping is known as Common Cause or Common Mode tripping.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Avoiding Common Cause Tripping

The protection types and settings specified in the Guide are designed to avoid Common Cause tripping. For larger generating sites (>5MW) inter tripping from the grid sub station, and possibly distribution breakers, should be used to ensure a generator is disconnected when an islanded condition occurs. For sites < 5MW Loss of Mains (LoM) protection may be used to detect an islanded condition and disconnect the generator. For these smaller generating sites the remaining small possibility of common cause tripping is considered acceptable.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Loss of Mains Protection

All sites require under / over voltage and under / over frequency protection Other Loss of Mains protection may be provided by: Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) Voltage Vector Shift Reverse VAR Other novel techniques

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Islanding Detection and Protection (1)

Voltage The voltage of all three phases shall be monitored. The limits for operation are: for HV connection +/- 10% for LV connection +/- 14% The relay should have a time delay to avoid spurious trips due to remote faults. The maximum total tripping time shall be 0.5 seconds

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Islanding Detection and Protection (1)

Frequency The frequency of the supply shall be monitored, this can be single phase. The limits for operation are: +4%, -6% (i.e. 52Hz to 47Hz) There is no requirement for a time delay. The maximum total tripping time shall be 0.5 seconds The low frequency limit may be reduced to 46Hz, this may require additional generator frequency protection. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Loss of Mains Protection (1)

Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) True ROCOF detects the islanded condition rather than the onset of islanding. Some ROCOF relays may also be sensitive to an initial change in voltage vector. The limits of operation are: 2.5 Hz/second. This high level is specified to ensure minimum spurious tripping. There is no requirement for a time delay. The maximum total tripping time shall be 0.5 seconds DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Loss of Mains Protection (2)

Voltage Vector Shift Voltage vector shift detects the onset on an islanded condition. It is susceptible to spurious tripping due to grid distrurbances The limits of operation are: 6 degrees in a half cycle. This may be de-sensitised to up to 12 degrees. There is no requirement for a time delay. The maximum total tripping time shall be 0.5 seconds DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Loss of Mains Protection (3)

Reverse VAR Reverse VAR relays detect the flow of reactive power from the generator to the grid. This will occur when during an islanded condition of a single generator. Generators must have stable power factor control to use reverse VAR protection. The limits of operation are to be agreed between the generating company and the CEB. Typically 15% of the magnitude of maximum kW export. A time delay of up to 5 seconds may be required. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Loss of Mains Protection (4)

Intertripping Intertripping is a direct means of islanding protection. It can provide a reliable method of tripping isanded generators without any common cause problems. A trip signal is sent from the circuit breaker or recloer responsible for the islanding. The reliability is dependant upon the security of the trip signal communication method. Reliability should be assessed for each particular site. A fail safe method of communication should be used. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Loss of Mains Protection (5)

Fault Thrower This is a special application of a fault thrower. The fault thrower would be installed at the source sub station and would operate following the opening of the source circuit breaker. Operation would be delayed to allow generator relays to operate if sufficient load imbalance exists. It is only effective for generators connected between the source breaker and the first auto recloser. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Loss of Mains Protection (6)

Other novel techniques The Guide does not preclude the use of novel techniques that may be developed to achieve a dependable and reliable loss of mains function. An example is the use of sensitive ROCOF blocked by voltage vector shift to prevent operation during general grid instability.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Islanding Network Protection

Detection of islanding will not be possible in all situations, for example a perfect load / generator balance may exist. Secondary protection may be used such as: dead line or synch check on auto reclosing devices Neutral Voltage Displacement (NVD) NVD is a dependable means of satisfying safety requirements and mitigating the risks of islanded operation. Details on NVD protection are given in the Guide. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Interconnection Protection Requirements

The type and size of generator connection is classified into five cases and the protection requirements defined for each case. The factors that define which case applies are: Generation site capacity Generator type Ratio of minimum captive load and maximum capacity Capacity and interconnection protection of other generators on the same distribution line and sub station. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Interconnection Protection Requirements Summary

Case 1
Generator type All

Case 2
All

Case 3
See case 3 descripti on

Case 4
All

Case 5
See case 5 description Self commutated static inverters

Minimum captive load Maximum cumulative export capacity Max site export capacity Under and over voltage protection Under and over frequency protection Vector shift protection ROCOF protection

L <0.5 x L <5 MW

L <0.8 x L < 5 MW

L >0.8 x L <5 MW > 5 Mw

L >0.8 x L

* *

True ROCOF protection NVD protection Intertripping Other requirements

* * *

*(1) * *

* *

* *

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Interconnection Protection, Case 1

All types of Generator The maximum cumulative export capacity is less than half the minimum distribution line (or captive) load the maximum export capacity is less than 5MW. Protection Required Under and over voltage Under and over frequency Optional: Three phase vector shift, subject to generator preference DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Interconnection Protection, Case 2

All types of generator The maximum cumulative export capacity is less than 0.8 times the minimum captive load, and the maximum export capacity is less than 5MW. Protection Required: Under and over voltage Under and over frequency 3 phase vector shift Optional: True RoCoF may be used as well as vector shift DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Interconnection Protection, Case 3

All types of generator except mains excited generators defined in Case 5. The maximum cumulative generation export capacity is greater than 0.8 times the minimum captive load, such that load/generator balance is possible, and the maximum export capacity is less than 5 MW. Protection Required: Under and over voltage Under and over frequency 3 phase vector shift, or true ROCOF NVD DULAS Dead line check

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Interconnection Protection, Case 3 (2)

Alternative Protection As a replacement for the combination of Vector shift and NVD any one of the following may be used: Intertripping Fault thrower Reverse VAR, where applicable NVD is not required when the maximum export capacity is less than 1MW if the cumulative export capacity on a line is less than 0.8 times the minimum captive load. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Interconnection Protection, Case 4

All types of generator The maximum export capacity of an Embedded Generation site is greater than 5 MW. It is preferred that the Embedded Generator is connected directly to the primary bus rather than teed into an HV distribution feeder. Protection Required Under and over voltage Under and over frequency Intertripping from primary bus intake Parallel earthing or NVD protection DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Interconnection Protection, Case 4 (2)

If the Embedded Generator is teed into a distribution feeder, the following is also required: Intertripping from the feeder breaker or Fault throwing or Reverse VAR protection where applicable. Generators larger than 5 MW will be encouraged to obtain more secure connections. For large generators remote from the primary bus, adequate security may only be achieved by double circuit connection to the primary bus.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Interconnection Protection, Case 5

Mains excited asynchronous (induction) generator with local power factor correction less than the reactive power demand, or a line commutated inverter. The CEB network/circuit capacitance is not sufficient to self excite the generator. The maximum cumulative connected generation export capacity is greater than 0.8 times the minimum captive load. No synchronous generation or selfexcited generation are connected.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Interconnection Protection, Case 5 (2)

Protection Required Under and over voltage Under and over frequency 3-phase vector shift The total generation connected to a primary substation using the vector shift method for loss of mains protection shall not exceed 20MW.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Interconnection Protection, Self Commutated Static Inverters

Some wind turbines and photovoltaic system inverters are examples of this type of generator. The general requirements are covered with synchronous machines in cases 1-4. However inverters commonly include proprietary protection methods, including ROCOF. It is the responsibility of the Generating Company to demonstrate that the protection meets the acceptable levels of dependability and reliability. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Test and Acceptance Procedures

It is the responsibility of the Generating Company to organise, agree procedures with the CEB and undertake protection equipment testing. Prior to testing, the Generating Company will certify that: the earthing system conforms to the provisions in this Guide and other relevant standards. the design and implementation of the protection system complies with the requirements of the Guide, and any protection specified in the PPA. the generating system is safe to operate and complies with all the relevant requirements for electrical installations. DULAS

Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Test and Acceptance Procedures (2)

It is the responsibility of the Generating Company representative to provide and complete the test forms. Testing is to be witnessed by the CEB representative. The CEB representative is to certify by signature that the protection tests were witnessed as successful. The CEB may provide staff and/or equipment to the Generating Company to enable tests to be undertaken. A standard form to be completed during testing is included in Annex 5 of the Guide

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Test and Acceptance Procedures (3)

The required grid connection protection is to be tested prior to acceptance of new generation plant for connection to the grid. Short term connection may be allowed to set up and test the protection equipment. Retesting at intervals of no greater than three years or: Following any significant change in generation or protection equipment. Following any maintenance or repair, which involved the disconnection or rearrangement of any protection equipment.

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators - Sri Lanka

Thank you for attention Any Comments or Questions?

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Information to be provided by the CEB

This information shall include the planned (or prospective) fault levels expected by the CEB in 10 years from the time of connection application. Maximum fault levels (for equipment selection and earthing design): Network design symmetrical fault level (kA or MVA) Peak asymmetrical fault level at half cycle (kA) 3-phase symmetrical fault level at half cycle (MVA or kA) X/R ratio for 3 phase symmetrical fault 1-phase to earth fault level (kA) (neglecting earth system resistances) X/R ratio for 1-phase to earth fault (neglecting earth system resistances)

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Information to be provided by the CEB (2)

Minimum fault levels (for protection design): 3-phase steady state symmetrical fault level (MVA or kA) X/R ratio for 3 phase symmetrical fault 1-phase to earth fault level (kA) (Neglecting earth system resistances) X/R ratio for 1-phase to earth fault (neglecting earth system resistances)

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Information from the Generating Company(1)

Synchronous Generators with a capacity above 500 kW Site Name Location ... Site Reference Number .... Generating Company Name. Contact Point of Supply (location) . Maximum export capacity Maximum import capacity ... Power factor operating range .. Generator (for each synchronous generator): Terminal voltage (kV) .. Machine rating (MVA) . Stator resistance (pu) tolerance % . Sub-transient reactance (pu) . tolerance % . Transient reactance (pu) . tolerance % . Synchronous reactance (pu) . tolerance % . Sub-transient time constant (ms) ... tolerance(ms) . Transient time constant (ms) . tolerance (ms) .

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Information from the Generating Company(2)

Synchronous Generators with a capacity above 500 kW Generator (for each synchronous generator): Terminal voltage (kV) .. Machine rating (MVA) . Stator resistance (pu) tolerance % . Sub-transient reactance (pu) . tolerance % . Transient reactance (pu) .. tolerance % . Synchronous reactance (pu) .. tolerance % . Sub-transient time constant (ms). tolerance(ms) . Transient time constant (ms) . tolerance(ms) .

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Information from the Generating Company(3)

Transformer (for each generator transformer); Rating (MVA) .. Reactance (pu) .. tolerance % . Resistance (pu) .. tolerance % . Voltage Ratio .. vector group . Cable or Line between the Generator and Point of Common Coupling where this cabling distance exceeds 50 metres Voltage (V) .. Reactance (Ohm) Resistance (Ohm)

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Grid Interconnection of Embedded Generators Sri Lanka

Information from the Generating Company(4)

Where a total generating capacity is less than 500 kW there is a reduced requirement for information from the Generating Company. This information requirement is listed on page A3:4

Where Induction, or Asynchronous, generators are proposed the same information should be provided where relevant to the induction type generator.

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