Classification and Taxonomy

Amit Gautam

General Classification
Muller and Ehrenberg Haeckel all unicellular as Protista. Cohn- integrated bacteria with blue green algea Schizophyta. Migula- given more detail classification. Linnaeus divided all living being into two kingdoms plant and animals - Schizomycetes

Monera a new kingdom proposed

Division
Class Order

Family
Tribes Genus Species

Protophyta Schizomycetes Eubacterialesceae Enterobacteria Salmonellae Salmonella Typhi

Species concept of bacteria

The differences between the classification of the bacteria and other higher organisms. Changes in the genetic characters.

Species concept of bacteria

The differences between the classification of the bacteria and other higher organisms. Changes in the genetic characters.

Phylogenetic classification
The hierarchical classification Special weightage is given to the special characters. Eg- gram negative bacteria lactose fermenting or not. Limitation 1. Characters may be invalid 2. May not be permanent. 3. It can be acquired or lost.

Adansonian classification
Micheal Adanson
Takes all the characters.

Called as Phenetic system.

Numerical taxonomy.

Molecular genetic classification

Depend on genetic relatedness.
Relatedness of DNA nucleotide sequence.

No method of bacterial classification is widely

accepted.

Bergeys manual of determinative bacteriology.

Interspecies Classification
For diagnostic or epidemiological
Biotype

Serotype
Phage type

Colicin type

Nomenclature
Two names are given to the bacteria Commom name Eg. Typhoid or gonnococcal. International name

Classification and nomenclature of viruses

Classification of viruses
Primary charactristics Secondary characteristics

Chemical nature of nucleic Host range acid RNA or DNA (Single or Host species, specific host tissue double) or cell type Structure of virions helical Mode of transmission icosahedral or complex Site of replication Specific surface structure Nucleus and Cytoplasm

DNA viruses
1) Poxviridae Family Large, brick shaped, complex structure, Lipid containing outer coat, Double stranded DNA.

Multiplication maturation in cytoplasm

DNA viruses
2) Herpesviridae family: Medium sized

Linear double stranded DNA.

Isosahedral nucleocapsid , lipid envoloped. Multiplication takes place in nucleus Maturation by nuclear membrane.

DNA viruses
3) Adenoviridae family: Medium sized

Non envoloped, Isosahedral nucleocapsid

Two types Mastedenoviruses Aviadenoviruses

DNA viruses
4) Papovaviridae family: Small sized.

Non envoloped, Double stranded

Two types Papillomavirus Polyomavirus

DNA viruses
5) Parvoviridae family: Small sized.

Non envoloped, Single stranded DNA

Three types Parvovirus Adenosatellovirus Densovirus

DNA viruses
6) Hepadnaviridae family: Small sized, spherical

Envoloped
Causitive organisms of hapatitis B.

DNA viruses
6) Hepadnaviridae family: Small sized, spherical

Envoloped
Causitive organisms of hapatitis B.

RNA viruses
1) Picornaviridae family: Small sized, isosahedral

Non Envoloped
Single stranded RNA genome Three genera Enterovirus Rhinovirus Hepatovirus

RNA viruses
2) Orthomyxoviridae family: Medium sized, spherical or elongated Envoloped with peplomers Single stranded RNA genome

RNA viruses
3) Paramyxoviridae family:

Pleomorphic
Envoloped with peplomers Unsegmented Single stranded RNA genome Three genera Paramyxovirus Morbillivirus Pneumovirus

RNA viruses
4) Togaviridae family:

Spherical viruses
Lipoprotein Envolop Single stranded RNA genome Three genera Alpha virus Rubivirus Pestivirus

RNA viruses
5) Flaviviridae family:

6) Bunyaviridae family: Spherical, envoloped. Arthopod borne Five genus Largest Bunyavirus with 150 species

RNA viruses
7) Arenaviridae family:

Spherical or pleomorphic
Have sandy apperance

8) Rhabdoviridae family: Bullet shaped virus Envoloped with peplomers Two genera- Vesiculoviruses and lyssaviruses

RNA viruses
9) Reoviridae family:

Isosahedral, non envoloped viruses

Double stranded RNA Three genera Reovirus Orbivirus Rotavirus

RNA viruses
10) Coronaviridae family:

Pleomorphic, envoloped viruses with peplomers.

Double stranded RNA

11) Retroviridae family RNA tumor virus

Classification of Fungi

Division Gymnomycota
Slime molds

Organisms which ingest particulate nutrients

Lack cell wall in vegetative stage Class Acrasiomycetes (cellular slime molds) Vegetative stage, free living amoebae Spores in mucilageneous matrix Eg- Dictyostelium discoideum

Division Gymnomycota
Class Myxomycetes (acellular slime molds)

Vegetative stage, multicelllular

Wall less plasmodium organized sporangia bearing sporangiospores Eg- Physarum polycephalum Didimium iridis

Division Mastigomycota
Flagellated lower fungi

Aquatic fungi
Class Chytridiomycetes Motile cell Posteriorly positioned whiplash like flagellum Eg-Allomyces macrogynus

Division Mastigomycota
Class Hyphochytridiomycetes Motile cell anteriorly positioned tinsel like flagellum Eg-RizidomycesArbuscula Class Plasmodiophoromycetes Obligate parasite Vegetative stage plasmodium Motile cell with two un equal whiplash flagella Eg- Plasmodiophora brassica

Division Mastigomycota
Class Oomycetes Motile cell with two laterally inserted flagella One tinsel and anteriorly directed Flagella posteriorly and whiplash. Eg- saprolegnia ferax

Division Amastigomycota
Class Deuteromycetes

Sexual reproduction absent

Vegetative reproduction by Conidiospores Eg- molds, Candida albicans.

Division Amastigomycota
Terrestrial fungi

Flagella absent
Class Zygomycetes

Sexual reproduction by gametengial fusion,

Zygote transformed into thick wall resting spore. Sporangium present. Eg- Rhizofer stolonifer

Division Amastigomycota
Class Ascomycetes Sexual spore produce endogeneously in ascus Vegetative reproduction by Conidiospores Eg- yeast, morels and truffels. Class Basidiomycetes Sexual spore produce exogeneously

Club like cells Eg- mushroom puffball.