Evolution of Telecommunication

K C Tripathi

0G 1G technologies 2G technologies Circuit and Packet Switching. 3GPP & 3GPP2

Transition 2.5G technologies 2.75G technologies 3G technologies An interim 3.5G

Services offered by 3G Deployment Problems 3G in India & its delay 4G

0G 1G technologies 2G technologies Circuit and Packet Switching. 3GPP & 3GPP2

Transition 2.5G technologies 2.75G technologies 3G technologies An interim 3.5G

Services offered by 3G Deployment Problems 3G in India & its delay 4G

0G 1G technologies 2G technologies Circuit and Packet Switching. 3GPP & 3GPP2 Transition 2.5G technologies 2.75G technologies 3G technologies An interim 3.5G

Services offered by 3G Deployment Problems 3G in India & its delay 4G

ORIGIN of Wireless Communication

1864 1886

James

Maxwell

Rudolph

Hertz

Predicts existence of radio waves.

Demonstrates radio waves.

1895-1901

Guglielmo

Marconi

Demonstrates wireless communications over increasing distances

1924

0G

1980s

Analog Voice

1G
AMPS
Typical 2.4 Kbps

TACS

NMT

1G
Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS)
Deployed in US , Japan : 1983

Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)

Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland : 1981 Total Access Communication System (TACS)
British System, similar to AMPS : 1985

1990s

Digital Voice

2G
GSM
9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)

CDMA

TDMA

2G GSM
Global system for Mobile
Based on TDMA ; Europe 900 Mhz, 1800 Mhz. Later 850 Mhz and 1900 Mhz in Americas Quad Band ; World Phones

2G - CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
cdmaOne or IS-95 All users use same freq band ; 800 Mhz Major success in Korea, Used by Verizon and Sprint Easy Migration to 3G

Circuit Switching

Dedicated end to end connection A private road all for yourself

Packet Switching

Divided packets can take different paths and times

A shared highway

114 Kbps

GPRS
384 Kbps

EDGE

3GPP

100 Mbps

LTE

1.92 Mbps

14 Mbps

WCDMA

HSPA

114 Kbps

1xRTT

3GPP2
2.4 Mbps 288 Mbps

EV-DO

UMB
(abandoned 2008 Nov & favoring LTE)

0G 1G technologies 2G technologies Circuit and Packet Switching. 3GPP & 3GPP2

Transition 2.5G technologies 2.75G technologies 3G technologies An interim 3.5G

Services offered by 3G Deployment Problems 3G in India & its delay 4G

2001

2.5G
GPRS Packet Data

2.5G - GPRS
General Packet Radio Service - An Overlay technology on top of the existing GSM systems. Data rate = 56 114Kbps. 4 MCS (Modulation and coding schemes) used. Factors affecting downlink/uplink speed:
TDMA slots Multi-slot class Channel Encoding used.

HSCSD
High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data. An enhancement to CSD Multiple timeslots used. Data rates up to 38.4 Kbps (4 times CSD). In reality supports 14.4Kbps. Expensive than CSD. Latency less that GPRS.

2003

Packet Data

2.75G
EDGE CDMA 1xRTT

EDGE
EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM) Superset of GPRS. Data rate = 4 times GPRS. 9 MCS (Modulation and coding schemes) used Gaussian min shift keying and 8PSK.

Evolved EDGE
Data rate = 1Mbps Encoding technique 32QAM and 16QAM. Requires simple network enhancements with software update.

CDMA 1xRTT
1x is an abbreviation of 1xRTT (1x Radio Transmission Technology).1x refers to the no. of duplex radio channels. Supports 33-35 simultaneous voice calls per 1.25MHz.(cdmaOne = 20 voice calls) Encoding technique:
BPSK for forward and reverse link.

Data Rate = 153 Kbps/153 Kbps. Software and minimum hardware update.

CDMA2000

3G
W-CDMA (UMTS)

IMT2000

UMTS
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. Also known as W-CDMA. W-CDMA uses the DS-CDMA and TDD channel access method with a pair of 5 MHz channels. Requires new cell towers & frequency allocations. Data rate = 1Mbps(theoritical) Frequency bands:
Uplink 1885-2025 MHz (mobile-to-base ) Downlink 2110-2200 MHz (base-to-mobile).

CDMA2000
EVDO Rel 0 (Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only Release 0) Data rates:
Forward link - 2.4Mbps. Reverse link - 153kbps.

Encoding technique:
Forward link 16QAM. Reverse link - BPSK.

HSDPA

HSUPA

3.5G
EVDO-Rev A EVDO-Rev B

HSPA
High Speed Packet Access is a collection of two mobile telephony protocols HSDPA and HSUPA. High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Data rates for Forward link - 14.4Mbps. Encoding technique QPSK and 16QAM

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) or EUL(Enhanced Uplink)

Data rates for Reverse link - 5.76Mbps.

Just a software update for most WCDMA networks.

HSPA+
Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) Data rates:
Forward link - 42Mbps. Reverse link - 22Mbps.

Encoding technique 64QAM.

EVDO Rev A
EVDO Rev A (Revision A) Also called as EV-DV (Evolution Data/Voice) Data rates:
Forward link - 3.1Mbps. Reverse link - 1.8Mbps.

Encoding technique:
Forward link 16QAM. Reverse link - QPSK and 8PSK.

EVDO Rev B
Combine up to fifteen 1.25MHz carriers (20MHz) in forward and/or reverse link. Carriers not physically combined and not adjacent to each other. Data rate:
Forward link = 3.1Mbps*15channels = 47Mbps. Reverse link = 1.8Mbps*15channels = 27Mbps.

Encoding technique 64QAM. Uplink data rate increases from 3.1Mbps to 4.9Mbps per channel. Thus, Data rate:
Forward link = 4.9Mbps*15channels = 74Mbps.

Only software updation required.

0G 1G technologies 2G technologies Circuit and Packet Switching. 3GPP & 3GPP2 Transition 2.5G technologies 2.75G technologies 3G technologies An interim 3.5G of 4G

Services offered by 3G Deployment Problems 3G in India & its delay 4G

Video Services Location Based Services Instant Messaging Multi Player Gaming

DEPLOYMENT

PROBLEMS

Argentina Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Belarus Belgium Bermuda Brazil Canada Chile China Colombia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Ecuador

Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Guatemala Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Mauritius Mexico Moldova Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama Peru Poland Portugal Romania Russia Singapore

Slovenia South Korea South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Ukraine UAE United Kingdom United States Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Venezuela Vietnam

3G INDIA
in

Out in Market

Where are we ?

4G

Summary
G 1 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Technology
Analog Digital TDMA, CDMA GPRS mux packets in voice timeslots Improved modulation, using CDMA variants More modulation tweaks New modulation (OFDMA); Multi-path (MIMO); All IP

Data Rates
Typical 2.4 Kbps; max 22 Kbps 9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data) 15 - 40 Kbps 50 144 Kbps (1xRTT); 200 384 Kbps (UMTS); 500 Kbps 2.4 Mbps (EVDO) 214 Mbps (HSPA) LTE: >10 Mbps; eventual potential >100 Mbps