The Axial Skeleton

7-1
 The Complete Skeleton
•Axial skeleton •Appendicular skeleton
–Skull –Limbs
–Hyoid bone –Girdles
–Vertebral column
–Thoracic (rib) cage

Fig. 7.1 7-2

 Superior View of Skull or
Cranium
• Functions
– Protects brain
– Supports organs of
special senses
• Superior view of skull
– Parietal bones-top of
skull
– Frontal bone-forehead

Modified from Fig. 7.2 7-3

 Posterior View of Skull

• Hard palate-roof of
mouth
– Palatine
– Maxilla
Occipital
-back of head

Modified from Fig. 7.3

7-4
 Lateral View of Skull
• Temporal bone
External auditory
meatus-earhole

• Zygomatic bone-
arch of cheek
• Mandible- Jawbone

• Sphenoid bone- at
temple

Modified from Fig. 7.4 7-5

 Frontal View of Skull

• Zygomatic bones

• Nasal bones-top of
nose
• Inferior nasal
concha-inside nose

• Maxilla-moustache
bone
Modified from Fig. 7.6
7-6
 Bones and Openings of Right
Orbit
• Ethmoid bone

• Lacrimal bone

• Sphenoid bone

7-7
Modified from Fig. 7.8
 Inferior View of Skull

• Foramen magnum

• Occipital condyles

• Styloid processes

Modified from Fig. 7.12 7-8

 Hyoid Bone and Auditory
Ossicles
• Hyoid bone
– Unpaired
– No direct bony
attachment to skull
– Attachment point for
some tongue muscles
– Attachment point for
neck muscles that elevate
larynx during speech and
swallowing
• Auditory ossicles
– Malleus, incus and
Fig. 7.14 stapes
7-9
 Vertebra
• Parts
– Body
– Vertebral foramen
– Vertebral arch
– Superior and inferior
articular processes and
facets
– Transverse process
– Articular facets for rib
– Spinous process
Modified from Fig. 7.19
7-10
 Vertebral Column
• Regions
– Cervical (7 vertebrae)
– Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
– Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
– Sacral bone (1)
– Coccygeal bone (1)

Fig. 7.15
7-11
Cervical Vertebrae
• Atlas
– First vertebra
• Axis
– Second vertebra
– Dens or odontoid
process

Modified from Fig. 7.22

7-12
 Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

Modified from Fig. 7.23 Modified from Fig. 7.24

7-13
 Sacrum and Coccyx

Modified from Fig. 7.25 7-14

 Thoracic or Rib Cage
and Sternum
Parts
•Thoracic vertebrae
•Ribs (12 pair)
•True or
Vertebrosternal
•False
•floating
•Sternum
(manubrium, body,
Xiphoid process
Modified from Fig. 7.26 •)

7-15