CHAPTER 6

Problem Solving and Decision Making

Andrew J. DuBrin Essentials of Management, 6/e
South-Western College Publishing Copyright 2003

Screen graphics created by: Jana F. Kuzmicki, PhD, Christian Brothers University

Learning Objectives
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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6.1

Differentiate between programmed and nonprogrammed decisions. Explain the steps involved in making a nonprogrammed decision. Understand the major factors influencing decision making in organizations. Understand the nature of creativity and how it contributes to managerial work. Describe organizational programs for improving creativity. Implement several suggestions for becoming a more creative problem solver. Appreciate the value and potential limitations of group decision making.

Programmed and Nonprogrammed Decisions: A Comparison

Programmed Decisions
Types of problems Repetitive, routine, frequent; decisions made according to specific procedures Depend on policies and rules

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6.2

Nonprogrammed Decisions
Novel, complex, difficult, infrequent; decisions require original thinking Require creativity, intuition, tolerance for ambiguity

Procedures

Business firm: Periodic

Examples

reorders of inventory Health care: Procedure for admitting patients University: Necessary GPA for good academic standing

Business firm:

Diversification into new products and markets Health care: Purchase of experimental equipment University: Construction of new classrooms

langkah-langkah dalam pemecahan masalah dan pengambilan keputusan

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6.3

mengidentifikasi dan mendiagnosa masalah apa yang sebenarnya benar-benar masalah kita

mengembangkan alternatif kreatif biarkan mimpi beberapa ide-ide besar.

mengevaluasi solusi alternatif beberapa gagasan yang baik .

Evaluasi dan kontrol bagai mana benarnya gagasan yang baik?

menerapkan keputusan sekarang mari mengambil tindakan.

memilih salah satu solusi alternatif alternatif ini adalah pemenang!

Adapted from Exhibit 6.1

faktor yang mempengaruhi pengambilan keputusan aku suka

membiarkan sebelum menunggu untuk memutuskan. saya mempunya i integrtas. kami berbalik ke dinding dan kami tidak setuju resiko dan aku sangat bersemangat.

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6.4

kepribadian dan kecerdasan kognitif

intuisi

aku mendapatkan firasat. dapat membaca orang besar dan mengendalika n emosi saya.

penundaan

Values

Kecerdasan emosianal

Decision Maker
Degree of uncertainty
terlihat seperti hal yang pasti.

Quality of information Political considerations

apa yang bos saya ingin aku memutuskan?

Crisis and conflict

The IS group is feeding me great stuff.

Adapted from Exhibit 6.2

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6.5

Providing challenges
Encouraging risk taking Allowing freedom

Providing organizational support

Establishing a Creative Atmosphere Involves. . .

Allocating ample resources

Providing encouragement

Creativity!

Suggestions to Build Creativity

1. Keep an idea notebook 2. Stay current in your field 3. Listen to other people 4. Learn to think in the five senses 5. Improve your sense of humor 6. Adopt a risk-taking attitude 7. Develop a creative mental set 8. Identify your most creative times 9. Be curious about your environment

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6.6

10. Step back when faced with a creativity block

Suggestions for Improving Group Problem-Solving

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6.7

1. Have a specific 2. Rely on agenda and adhere qualified group to it members 5. Build consensus so the decision is more likely to be implemented 3. Have the 4. Provide leader share summaries for decision-making each major point authority

The Nominal Group Technique

1. Small group is assembled 6. Alternatives are rated and bestrated one is chosen

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6.8

2. Leader presents a problem

5. Group clarifies and evaluates all suggestions 4. Each participant presents one idea to group

3. Members write down ideas individually

Adapted from Exhibit 6.6