Jim Gillespie - Cbo

The Dos and Donts of CBO
by Jim Gillespie ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC emailid: jimgillespie@oramain.com website: www.oramain.com Phone: 608-848-8642 Cell : 608-217-4351
ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

Agenda
What is the Optimizer? Why Optimize? Available Optimizers Why is RBO being removed? Why move to CBO? Initialization parameters that affect CBO Internal Oracle parameters that affect CBO Setup changes for migrating to CBO Generating Statistics DML Monitoring Hints Statistics for SYS schema How to analyze execution plans in CBO?
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WHAT IS THE OPTIMIZER? An engine running in the database. It is dedicated to derive a list of execution plans. Cost Based Optimization (CBO) Rule Based Optimization (RBO) In CBO the plan with the lowest cost is used. In RBO the plan with the best ranking is used.

WHY OPTIMIZE?
To execute a SQL statement in the shortest time.
To utilized the fewest resources. CPU I/O Memory Network operations

One bad SQL statement can impact all process on the server.

AVAILABLE OPTIMIZERS.
Oracle has two modes (pre 10g); Rule based optimization (RBO) Cost based optimization (CBO) RBO
Follows a ranking methodology. Fifteen ranking points in RBO. Was the preferred mode. The fifteen ranking points are;

Single row by ROWID Single row by cluster join Single row by hash cluster with unique or primary key Single row by unique or primary key Cluster join Hash cluster key Indexed cluster key Composite key Single column indexes Bounded range on index columns Unbounded range on indexed columns Sort merge join MAX or MIN on indexed column ORDER BY on indexed columns Full table scan

CBO Follows expense calculation methodology. All execution plans get a cost. The lower the cost the less resources used. Uses statistics and histograms that are in the dictionary. Also uses user supplied hints and initora parameters. Can build up to 80,000 permutations of execution plans.

STATISTICS Critical input for the Optimizer. Generated on data storing objects. May be exact or estimated. The more accurate, the better CBO works. Estimate uses a provided sample size, either number of rows or a percent.
Block sampling is an option usually for huge tables.


STATISTICS (cont.) Good execution plans depend on how close the estimate is to the exact values.
Test using different sample sizes. More on this later.

Statistics are stored in tables owned by the SYS user.
The DBA_ views show the statistics used by the optimizer.

DBA_TABLES NUM_ROWS - Number of rows. BLOCKS - Number of used blocks. EMPTY_BLOCKS - Number of empty blocks that have never been used. AVG_SPACE - Average free space (in bytes) in blocks allocated to the table. All empty and free blocks are considered for this. CHAIN_CNT - Number of chained or migrated rows.
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DBA_TABLES (cont.) AVG_ROW_LEN - Average row length in bytes. LAST_ANALYZED - Date when the table was last analyzed. SAMPLE_SIZE - Sample size provided for ESTIMATE statistics. Equal to NUM_ROWS if COMPUTE.
Statistics for individual partitions of a table can be seen from DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS.

Cluster statistics are available from DBA_CLUSTERS.

DBA_TAB_COLUMNS NUM_DISTINCT - Number of distinct values. LOW_VALUE - Lowest value HIGH_VALUE - Highest value DENSITY - Density of the column NUM_NULLS - Number of records with null value for the concerned column.
LAST_ANALYZED - Date when the table was last analyzed.


DBA_INDEXES BLEVEL - Depth of the index, from root to leaf. LEAF_BLOCKS - Number of leaf blocks. DISTINCT KEYS - Number of distinct keys.
AVG_LEAF_BLOCKS_PER_KEY - Average number of leaf blocks in which each distinct key appears, should be 1 for unique indexes. AVG_DATA_BLOCKS_PER_KEY - Average number of blocks in the table that are pointed to by a distinct key.

DBA_INDEXES (cont.) NUM_ROWS - Number of rows indexed. SAMPLE_SIZE - Sample size provided for ESTIMATE statistics. Equal to NUM_ROWS if COMPUTE. LAST_ANALYZED - Date when the table was last analyzed.
GLOBAL_STATS - For partitioned indexes, YES - statistics collected as a whole, NO - statistics are estimated from statistics.
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AVAILABLE CBO MODES CBO has two available modes in which to run; ALL_ROWS FIRST_ROWS FIRST_ROWS aims at returning the first row(s) of the statement as soon as possible.
Prefers nested-loops.
Best for OLTP.
As of 9i, FIRST_ROWS_n can be used.


AVAILABLE CBO MODES (cont.) ALL_ROWS processes all rows for a given query before returning the output. It forces the optimizer to consider minimal use of resources and best throughput. ALL_ROWS prefers sort-merge joins. Good for batch type processing.
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CBO is dynamic and tunes its execution plans as the database grows in size.
Do not be taken aback if the same query that works perfectly in one database setup is behaving badly in some other database of the same application. This would happen if the setup and statistics differ between the two databases. To prevent such behavior, you may consider using optimizer plan stability, which is covered later.
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BASIC CBO TERMS The following terms will be used quite often when analyzing statements in CBO.
Cost The COST computed in CBO is a unit of expense involved with each operation. The logic as to how the cost is actually derived is not documented or made external. Moreover, this may change across releases. Cardinality The number of rows in the table or number of distinct row links in the index. The cardinality of a query is the number of rows that is expected to be returned by it.

BASIC CBO TERMS (cont.) Statistics Much required information gathered for various data holding objects. This information is vital for the CBO to decide on execution plans. Join Methods Oracle uses joins like Hash, sort-merge and nested loops. A query may run faster using one type of join as compared to other methods. This should be evaluated for individual queries.
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BASIC CBO TERMS (cont.) FTS FTS or Full Table Scan relates to a query sequentially scanning a table from the first block to the last allocated block. This could be very expensive for big tables and should be avoided. Index scan Relates to random access of a table by use of one or more indexes on the table..
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WHY IS RBO BEING REMOVED? The existence of RBO prevents Oracle from making key enhancements to its query-processing engine. Its removal will permit Oracle to improve performance and reliability of the query-processing components of the database engine. Oracle 9i release 2 is the last version that supports RBO. Switch to CBO before this version is no longer supported. RBO will be available in Oracle 10g, but not supported. Presently, Oracle support for RBO is limited to bug fixes only and no new functionality will be added to RBO.

WHY MOVE TO CBO? Oracle stopped developing for RBO environment. RBO will be removed from the Oracle database.
RBO has a limited number of access methods compared to CBO. All new features require CBO. CBO is enabled to identify these features, and how to evaluate their cost. These features will be of importance for any setup; e.g. IOTs, bitmap indexes, Functionbased indexes, reverse-key indexes, Partitioning, Hash joins, Materialized views, parallel query, star joins, etc.

WHY MOVE TO CBO? (cont.)
Once RBO is no longer supported, Oracle support will not be available. CBO has matured. Distributed and remote queries are more reliable. RBO performed poorly joining tables across links. CBO is aware of statistics on the remote tables.
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INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER
OPTIMIZER_MODE
Valid values are RULE, CHOOSE, ALL_ROWS, FIRST_ROWS (_n). Default: choose. Dynamic
If set to CHOOSE. The optimizer tries to run the query in either CBO or RBO depending on the availability or unavailability of statistics. Therefore, if the tables present in the query have statistics generated on them, CBO (ALL_ROWS only) is preferred else RBO is used.

INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER OPTIMIZER_FEATURES_ENABLE Set to a version number such as- 8.1.5, 8.1.7, 9.0.0. Setting it to a lower version will prevent the use of new features that have come in later versions.
Default is current release. Static.

e.g.: optimizer_features_enable = 8.1.7
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OPTIMIZER_MAX_PERMUTATIONS Specifies the maximum number of permutations that should be considered for queries with joins, to choose an execution plan. Influences the parse time of queries.
Set to a lower value.
Default is 80000 in Oracle 8, in Oracle 9i it is defaulted to 2000. Dynamic.

e.g.: optimizer_max_permutations = 3000

COMPATIBLE Used to provide backward compatibility with earlier releases.

May restrict the use of some new features. Only three digits are required to be specified, however, you can specify more for documentation purposes.
Default is current release. Static.

e.g.: compatible = 8.1.7
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HASH_JOIN_ENABLED
Values, true or false.
If set to false, hash joins will not be considered by the Optimizer.

Default is true. Dynamic e.g.: hash_join_enabled = false
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HASH_AREA_SIZE This specifies the maximum amount of memory in bytes to be used for a hash join per process. Oracle recommends the use of PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET instead of this parameter from Oracle 9i. Default is 2 times SORT_AREA_SIZE. Dynamic. e.g.: hash_area_size = 2097152 Setting this to a very low number may sometimes result in the following error. ORA-6580: Hash Join ran out of memory while keeping large rows in memory.
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OPTIMIZER_DYNAMIC_SAMPLING
Is used in situations where tables are not analyzed. As CBO depends heavily on statistics, the parameter tells the optimizer to sample the unanalyzed tables that are being used in a query. A level of 0 to 10 can be specified, the higher the value the more time optimizer spends in sampling.
Default is 1 in 9.2 and above, 0 if below. Dynamic.

e.g.: optimizer_dynamic_sampling = 4
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CURSOR_SHARING Determines what kind of SQL statements can share the same cursor. It can be set to FORCE, SIMILAR or EXACT. FORCE will try to squeeze statements that may differ in some literals to share the same cursor. SIMILAR is somewhat the same but will try to maintain the plan optimization for identical statements. EXACT allows statements with exact identical text to share a cursor. Using FORCE may sometimes result in unexpected results. Default is exact. Dynamic e.g.: cursor_sharing = force
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PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET Introduced in Oracle 9i, this parameter specifies the aggregate PGA memory available to all server processes attached to an instance. This parameter can be set for automatic sizing of SQL working areas. It replaces other existing parameters like SORT_AREA_SIZE, BITMAP_MERGE_AREA_SIZE and HASH_AREA_SIZE. Default is 0, automatic memory management is off. Dynamic. It can be set to a value between 10 MB to 4096 GB-1, depending on the setup requirement. Determine how much memory you have, subtract the SGA and give the rest to PGA, if possible.

INTERNAL INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER. Undocumented, set by Oracle. Should not change unless recommended by Oracle Support. Begin with underscore (_). e.g.: ALTER SESSION SET _COMPLEX_VIEW_MERGING = TRUE;
The following parameters changed the default from false to true when upgrading from 8i to 9i. They may have impact on response time. Negative or positive.
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INTERNAL INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER. Changed default (cont.). _COMPLEX_VIEW_MERGING This parameter is related to improving the SQL performance on complex views (including inline views). Oracle tries to merge the query criteria with the existing view criteria that would result in a faster single query. For example, if a view is created with a GROUP BY clause in it and a query is executed on the view having a where clause, Oracle tries to merge the two and create a single query that would run the where clause prior to grouping it, thus giving better performance.
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INTERNAL INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER. Changed default (cont.). _PUSH_JOIN_PREDICATE This enables the push join predicate feature that allows the optimizer to push join predicates inside a non-mergeable view(s). This would achieve something similar to a complex view merging feature, but in this case the join conditions provided in the query are pushed into the view. The view in this case cannot be merged with the query.
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INTERNAL INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER. Changed default (cont.). _PUSH_JOIN_UNION_VIEW Same as above, but this parameter allows optimizer to push join predicates inside non-merge able views that contain UNION ALL set operators. _TABLE_SCAN_COST_PLUS_ONE This parameter increases the cost of a full table scan by one, in order to eliminate ties between a full table scan on a small lookup table and unique or range scan on the lookup table.
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INTERNAL INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER. Changed default (cont.). _OR_EXPAND_NVL_PREDICATE This feature expands the NVL function predicates to evaluate the use of an index that may be present on the column used in the function. For example, if the expression is of the type "column1 = nvl(:b1, column1)" and column1 has an index on it, then optimizer may transform it to a new expression that uses the OR operator. This new expression will again be further transformed to make use of the UNION operator.
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INTERNAL INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER. Changed default (cont.). _USE_COLUMN_STATS_FOR_FUNCTION Allows the use of column statistics for columns that are involved in non-operative expressions in query, such as: numcol + 0 charcol || ''
Such expressions were mainly used in RBO to prevent the use of indexes.
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INTERNAL INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER. Changed default (cont.). _ORDERED_NESTED_LOOP This reduces the cost of a nested loop join when the left side of the join is using an index or sort row source. _NEW_INITIAL_JOIN_ORDERS
This parameter enables join permutation optimization. New ordering directives have been added to CBO for better processing of joins, setting this parameter will allow use of these directives.

INTERNAL INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER. Changed default (cont.). _B_TREE_BITMAP_PLANS Enables creation of interim bitmap representation for tables in a query with only binary index(es). _UNNEST_SUBQUERY
This enables un-nesting of correlated sub-queries. Such queries may undergo MERGE join operations.
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INTERNAL INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER. Changed default (cont.). _INDEX_JOIN_ENABLED Enables the use of index joins wherever feasible, rather than at table level.
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INTERNAL INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER. Response time implications. _SQLEXEC_PROGRESSION_COST This controls the population of V$SESSION_LONGOPS view by long running queries. This view is used to monitor the progress of queries that are running for long duration. Queries that cost more than the value that has been set are identified for monitoring. Progression monitoring involves overhead and may affect the performance. Default is 1000, which may prevent SQL statements from being shared! Setting it to 0 will turn off the monitoring.
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INTERNAL INITORA PARMS THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMIZER. Response time implications (cont.). _OPTIMIZER_MODE_FORCE This parameter decides the optimizer mode for users recursive SQL, for example, queries running from the PL/SQL block. In CBO, recursive SQL is executed in CHOOSE mode if this parameter is set to FALSE. If this parameter is set to TRUE, then recursive SQL inherits the session's optimizer mode. Hence, if the session is running in FIRST_ROWS, then all SQL processing carried out will be done in the same optimizer mode.
Default is false.
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Setup changes for migrating to CBO
Here we highlight a number of key points to consider when moving to CBO. In addition, we highlight a number of good maintenance practices. Tuning in CBO is an ongoing process and proper analysis should be done. You may encounter scenarios specific to your environment that are not mentioned here. Make it a point to refer to the documentation and check with Oracle support for any kind of anomalies.
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Setup changes for migrating to CBO (cont.)
OPTIMIZER_MODE
FIRST_ROWS(_n) for OLTP.
ALL_ROWS for DSS, batch, wharehous.

CHOOSE for mixed modes, i.e., Some applications or modules are in RBO mode and some in CBO mode. In CHOOSE mode CBO defaults to ALL_ROWS. Use alter session to force FIRST_ROWS(_n).
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Generate adequate statistics at proper intervals.
Use DBMS_STATS to generate periodic statistics.

ESTIMATE using 5 to 10% is usually adequate.
Use COMPUTE for indexes and indexed-organized tables.

Statistics are not incremental.
Frequency of change determines frequency of analyzing.

Global Temporary Tables can not be analyzed. Use DBMS_STATS.SET_TABLE_STATS.

Generate adequate statistics at proper intervals (cont.).
SQL> exec dbms_stats.set_table_stats(ownname => 'SYS', tabname => EMP', numrows => 3000, numblks => 300, avgrlen => 50); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> select num_rows, blocks, avg_row_len, temporary, user_stats from dba_tables where table_name = 'EMP'; NUM_ROWS ---------3000 BLOCKS AVG_ROW_LEN T USE ---------- ----------- --300 50 Y YES

Provide sufficient time for each site to settle down If you are supporting multiple client installations, my recommendation is to consider migrating each setup on different dates. Each site may have its own unique issues relating to individual setups, and this will give you more time to examine performance issues at each site. Make sure that testing is done on individual site test boxes before moving the production box to CBO.
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Change your scripts!!!
Most DBAs rely on scripts. These may be outdated. For example, include columns such as LAST_ANALYZED, MONITORING, GLOBAL_STATS and USER_STATS in scripts that look at the object information. Modify your tuning scripts to find out in what mode the database, session or particular queries are running.
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Coding habits and Technical Guidelines Moving to CBO opens many new features for developing and designing.
Your Technical Documentation Guidelines (if you have one) that developers rely on for standards. Liaise with the complete team to update your conventions. In RBO, the last table in the where clause is the driver. The first table is the driver in CBO.
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Coding habits and Technical Guidelines (cont.). The ORDERED hint used in CBO picks up tables left-to-right for processing.
Avoid RBO style coding techniques. Techniques used to prevent the use of indexes in RBO should be avoided. CBO has advanced features such as function-based and bitmap indexes. Control processing of queries with proper where clauses and hints.
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Plan stability using stored outlines.
Stored outlines store existing execution plans.
Using stored outlines tells optimizer to consider the execution path specified explicitly.
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Use Hints Hints will become a favorite practice for developers. Use hints in queries to direct optimizer to consider an alternative path than the one being chosen. Hints will help queries that behave differently on different databases.
CBO will give more preference to hints than to the statistics present. But this doesnt gaurantee the hints will be used.
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Provide sufficient sort space Gathering statistics on tables requires sorting to be done. This takes up sort-area space in memory as well as temporary tablespace. Make sure you have enough temporary space to generate statistics (depending on ESTIMATE or COMPUTE) for the largest table. You may consider increasing the value of SORT_AREA_SIZE to allow more operations to take place in memory and save on I/O.
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FGAC changes Execution plan may change if you are using Fine Grained Access control (FGAC).
FGAC adds additional predicates to an existing query that may sometimes result in a change of execution plan.
Test your queries with these additional predicates. Make use of hints to direct optimizer to do what is needed.
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Generating Statistics COMPUTE 100% accurate. Takes time. Use on indexes and IOTs. ESTIMATE needs input, number of rows or percent NUM_ROWS, AVG_SPACE and AVG_ROW_LEN will have their values derived. Thus NUM_ROWS may not reflect actual row count.
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HOW MUCH TO ESTIMATE? No perfect number of rows or percent. Varies by table. Derive statistics using different percents and report on results.
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HOW MUCH TO ESTIMATE? (cont.) Example The table abc.emp has around 4.5 million records. Below are statistics at various sample sizes. Commands used: dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('abc', emp'); --compute dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('abc', 'emp ', estimate_percent => 5); dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('abc', ' emp ', estimate_percent => 10); dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('abc', ' emp ', estimate_percent => 51);

HOW MUCH TO ESTIMATE? (cont.) Final statistics: MODE |NUM_ROWS|SAMPLE_SIZE|Time taken -------------------------------------------------------------compute | 4591474 | 4591474 | 2 hr at 5% | 4582460 | 229123 | 8 mts at 10% | 4587520 | 458752 | 17 mts at 20% | 4591635 | 918327 | 32 mts at 51% | 4590890.2 | 2341354 | 1 hr 56 mts The NUM_ROWS difference between full statistics and 5% is only 9014 records. Statistics at a 5% sample size serves my purpose as the variance is less than 1% that of actual value.

WHAT SHOULD THE TIME INTERVAL BE? Start with a weekly generation. DML Monitoring can be used on tables with heavy activity. Generate statistics after bulk loading. Generate statistics after building a work table. Group objects by type and generate at different intervals. e.g: transaction tables versus master tables.
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STATISTICS LOCKS? Tables analyzed cannot undergo DDL changes. DML activities can be carried on. Analyzing an index puts a shared lock on the related table; hence, neither DML nor DDL can be performed.
Preferably avoid all activities during the statistics generation phase.
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UTILITIES TO GENERATE STATISTICS DBMS_UTILITY ANALYZE command DBMS_DDL DBMS_STATS
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UTILITIES TO GENERATE STATISTICS (cont.) DBMS_STATS The recommend package provided for gathering and maintaining statistics in a database. The following can be done with this package: Gathering statistics Deleting statistics Providing user statistics Retrieving statistics Exporting and importing statistics

UTILITIES TO GENERATE STATISTICS (cont.) GATHERING STATISTICS WITH DBMS_STATS DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS gathers statistics for a table and its columns, and optionally the associated indexes. Call syntax dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname, tabname, partname, estimate_percent, block_sample, method_opt, degree, granularity, cascade, stattab, statid, statown); The first two parms are mandatory, the rest defaulted.

DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(cont.) PARAMETERS ownname - owner tabname - table name partname - partition name estimate_percent - sample percent ratio block_sample - consider random blocks sampling rather than rows sampling. TRUE/FALSE method_opt - method options. FOR ALL COLUMNS/FOR ALL INDEXED COLUMNS. Append the phase SIZE 1 if it is required to generate statistics in parallel.
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DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(cont.) PARAMETERS (cont.) degree - degree of parallelism. granularity - for partitioned tables. DEFAULT/SUBPARTITION /PARTITION/GLOBAL/ALL. cascade - gather statistics for indexes also. TRUE/FALSE stattab, statid, statown - required for user statistics, covered below in this section.
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DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS examples.
e.g.: Estimate statistics for a table and its columns

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats (ownname => SCOTT', tabname => EMP', estimate_percent => 5); e.g.: Estimate statistics for a table, its columns and indexes.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats (ownname => SCOTT', tabname => 'EMP', estimate_percent => 5, cascade => true);
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DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS examples(cont.).
e.g.: Estimate statistics in parallel, the following uses 8 threads to complete the task.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats (ownname => 'SCOTT', tabname => 'EMP_TRX', estimate_percent => 5, degree => 8); When the above process is running; select * from v$px_process; produces -
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DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS examples(cont.).
SERV|STATUS P000 | IN USE P001 | IN USE P002 | IN USE P003 | IN USE P004 | IN USE P005 | IN USE P006 | IN USE P007 | IN USE 8 rows selected.
| | | | | | | | |
PID|SPID 50|9684 65|9686 66|9688 67|9690 68|9692 69|9694 70|9696 71|9698
|SID| SERIAL# | 7| 50586 | 60| 51561 | 17| 2694 | 30| 39243 | 74| 11017 | 48| 4253 | 76| 17 | 68| 1285
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DBMS_STATS.GATHER_INDEX_STATS examples.
Call syntax dbms_stats.gather_index_stats(ownname, indname, partname, estimate_percent, stattab, statid, statown); e.g.: SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_index_stats (ownname => 'SCOTT', indname => EMP_IDX');
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DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS examples.
Call Syntax dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats(ownname, estimate_percent, block_sample, method_opt, degree, granularity, cascade, stattab, statid, options, objlist, statown);
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DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS examples (cont.). Parameters options - object information can be further specified here. GATHER - gather statistics for all objects (default). GATHER STALE - update statistics for stale objects, identified with the monitoring option. GATHER EMPTY - gather statistics for objects without any statistics.

DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS examples (cont.). Parameters LIST STALE - return a list of stale objects, this depends on the SMON processing. LIST EMPTY - return a list of objects with no statistics.
GATHER AUTO - same as STALE but will include objects without any statistics.
objlist - table of type DBMS_STATS.OBJECTTAB, returns an empty or stale list. ORAMAIN Consulting Services,
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DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS examples (cont.). e.g.: Gather schema statistics, for tables and indexes at 5% estimate.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats(ownname => 'SCOTT', estimate_percent => 5, cascade => true, options => 'GATHER');
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DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS examples (cont.). e.g.: Gather statistics for objects with no statistics. The GATHER EMPTY options generates statistics for all objects without any statistics. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats (ownname => 'SCOTT', estimate_percent => 5, options => 'GATHER EMPTY');
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DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS examples (cont.). e.g.: To identify a list of objects without any statistics. SQL>declare l_owner varchar2(30) := 'SCOTT'; l_emptylst dbms_stats.objecttab; begin dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats(ownname => l_owner options => 'LIST EMPTY', objlist => l_emptylst); for i in nvl(l_emptylst.first, 0) .. nvl(l_emptylst.last, 0) loop dbms_output.put_line(l_emptylst(i).objtype || '/' || l_emptylst(i).objname); end loop; end; / INDEX/EMP_N1 TABLE/EMP ORAMAIN Consulting Services,
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DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DATABASE_STATS examples
Call Syntax
dbms_stats.gather_database_stats(estimate_percent, block_sample, method_opt, degree, granularity, cascade, stattab, statid, options, objlist, statown); In 8i this will generate statistics for the SYS schema. In 9i it will not.
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DBMS_STATS.DELETE_TABLE_STATS
Call Syntax
dbms_stats.delete_table_stats (ownname, tabname, partname, stattab, statid, cascade_parts, cascade_columns, cascade_indexes, statown);
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DBMS_STATS.DELETE_TABLE_STATS examples (cont.)
Parameters
cascade_parts - delete statistics for all partitions (partname should be null). cascade_columns - delete column statistics. Default is true. cascade_indexes - delete index statistics. Default is true.
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DBMS_STATS.DELETE_TABLE_STATS examples (cont.)
e.g.: Delete statistics for a table and its columns and indexes.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.delete_table_stats (ownname => 'SCOTT', tabname => 'EMP'); e.g.: Delete statistics for table only. Column and index statistics will be preserved.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.delete_table_stats (ownname => 'SCOTT', tabname => 'EMP', cascade_columns => false, cascade_indexes => false);
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DBMS_STATS.DELETE_COLUMN_STATS examples
Call Syntax
dbms_stats.delete_column_stats(ownname, tabname, colname, partname, stattab, statid, cascade_parts, statown); e.g.: Deleting statistics for one column. SQL> exec dbms_stats.delete_column_stats (ownname => SCOTT', tabname => 'EMP', colname => ENAME');
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DBMS_STATS.DELETE_INDEX_STATS examples
Call Syntax
dbms_stats.delete_index_stats(ownname, indname, partname, stattab, statid, cascade_parts, statown); e.g.: Deleting index statistics. SQL> exec dbms_stats.delete_index_stats (ownname => 'SCOTT', indname => 'EMP_N1');
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DBMS_STATS.DELETE_SCHEMA_STATS examples
Call Syntax
dbms_stats.delete_schema_stats(ownname, stattab, statid, statown); e.g.: Deleting statistics for schema SCOTT. SQL> exec dbms_stats.delete_schema_stats(SCOTT');
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DBMS_STATS.DELETE_SCHEMA_STATS examples
Call Syntax dbms_stats.delete_schema_stats(ownname, stattab, statid, statown); e.g.: Deleting statistics for schema SCOTT.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.delete_schema_stats(SCOTT');
DBMS_STATS.DELETE_DATABASE_STATS
Call Syntax dbms_stats.delete_database_stats(stattab, statid, statown);

DBMS_STATS.SET_TABLE_STATS examples
Call Syntax
dbms_stats.set_table_stats(ownname, tabname, partname, stattab, statid, numrows, numblks, avgrlen, flags, statown); Parameters numrows - number of rows. numblks - blocks in the table. avgrlen - average row length. flags - currently for internal use only.
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DBMS_STATS.SET_TABLE_STATS examples
e.g.: SQL> exec dbms_stats.set_table_stats (ownname => 'SCOTT', tabname => EMP, numrows => 12422, numblks => 100, avgrlen => 124);
SQL> select owner, num_rows, blocks, avg_row_len from dba_tables where table_name = EMP; OWNER SCOTT | NUM_ROWS| BLOCKS|AVG_ROW_LEN | 12422| 100| 124
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DBMS_STATS examples (cont.)
ALSO
dbms_stats.set_column_stats
dbms_stats.set_index_stats
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DBMS_STATS.GET_TABLE_STATS examples
Call syntax
dbms_stats.get_table_stats(ownname, tabname, partname, stattab, statid, numrows, numblks, avgrlen, statown);
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DBMS_STATS.GET_TABLE_STATS examples (cont.) e.g.: getting table statistics data. SQL> declare l_numrows number; l_numblks number; l_avgrlen number; begin dbms_stats.get_table_stats(ownname => 'SCOTT', tabname => 'EMP', numrows => l_numrows, numblks => l_numblks, avgrlen => l_avgrlen); dbms_output.put_line('No. of rows: ' || l_numrows); dbms_output.put_line('No. of blks: ' || l_numblks); dbms_output.put_line('Avg row length: ' || l_avgrlen); end; / No. of rows: 4106860 No. of blks: 6219 Avg row length: 3 ORAMAIN Consulting Services,
LLC 89

DBMS_STATS examples (cont.)
ALSO
dbms_stats.get_column_stats
dbms_stats.get_index_stats
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Exporting and importing statistics with DBMS_STATS
DBMS_STATS has routines for gathering statistics and storing them outside the dictionary. This does not influence the optimizer. Most of the procedures in this package have three common parameters - STATID, STATTAB and STATOWN that are related to user processing of statistics.
Advantages of this feature: 1. Estimated statistics at different percentages could be stored and used for testing. 2. Statistics generated on one database could be transferred to another database.
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DBMS_STATS.CREATE_STAT_TABLE
Call syntax
dbms_stats.create_stat_table(ownname, stattab, tblspace);

Parameters
stattab - statistics table name. tblspace - tablespace to be used.
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DBMS_STATS.CREATE_STAT_TABLE (cont.)
e.g.: creating a user statistics table.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.create_stat_table (ownname => 'SYS', stattab => 'STAT_AT_5PC', tblspace => 'SYSTEM'); The table looks like this.
Desc stat_at_5pc
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DBMS_STATS.CREATE_STAT_TABLE (cont.) Name Null? Type ----------------------------- ----------------------STATID VARCHAR2(30) TYPE CHAR(1) VERSION NUMBER FLAGS NUMBER C1 VARCHAR2(30) C2 VARCHAR2(30) C3 VARCHAR2(30) C4 VARCHAR2(30) C5 VARCHAR2(30)

DBMS_STATS.CREATE_STAT_TABLE (cont.) Name Null? Type ----------------------------- ----------------------N1 NUMBER N2 NUMBER N3 NUMBER N4 NUMBER N5 NUMBER N6 NUMBER N7 NUMBER N7 NUMBER N8 NUMBER

DBMS_STATS.CREATE_STAT_TABLE (cont.)
Name ---------------------N9 N10 N11 N12 D1 R1 R2 CH1 Null? Type -------- ----------------------NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER DATE RAW(32) RAW(32) VARCHAR2(1000)

DBMS_STATS.EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
Retrieves table statistics for a particular table and puts it in the user statistics table. Call syntax dbms_stats.export_table_stats(ownname, tabname, partname, stattab, statid, cascade, statown);
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DBMS_STATS.EXPORT_TABLE_STATS (cont.)
e.g.: exporting EMP stats for testing purpose, including table and indexes. SQL> exec dbms_stats.export_table_stats (ownname => SCOTT', tabname => EMP', stattab => 'STAT_AT_5PC', cascade => true, statown => SYS');
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DBMS_STATS.EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
Call syntax
dbms_stats.export_table_stats(ownname, tabname, colname, partname, stattab, statid, statown);

DBMS_STATS.EXPORT_INDEX_STATS Call syntax dbms_stats.export_index_stats(ownname, indname, partname, stattab, statid, statown);

DBMS_STATS.EXPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
Call syntax dbms_stats.export_schema_stats(ownname, stattab, statid, statown); DBMS_STATS.EXPORT_DATABASE_STATS
Call syntax
dbms_stats.export_database_stats(stattab, statid, statown);
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DBMS_STATS.IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
Retrieves statistics for a table from a user statistics table and stores it in dictionary. Call syntax dbms_stats.import_table_stats(ownname, tabname, partname, stattab, statid, cascade, statown);
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DBMS_STATS.IMPORT_TABLE_STATS (cont.)
e.g.: importing statistics for table emp, including column and indexes. SQL> exec dbms_stats.import_table_stats (ownname => 'SCOTT', tabname => EMP', stattab => 'STAT_AT_5PC', cascade => true, statown => 'SYS');
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DBMS_STATS.IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
Call syntax
dbms_stats.import_column_stats(ownname, tabname, colname, partname, stattab, statid, statown);

DBMS_STATS.IMPORT_INDEX_STATS Call syntax dbms_stats.import_index_stats(ownname, indname, partname, stattab, statid, statown);

DBMS_STATS.IMPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
Call syntax
dbms_stats.import_schema_stats(ownname, stattab, statid, statown);

DBMS_STATS.IMPORT_DATABASE_STATS Call syntax dbms_stats.import_schema_stats(stattab, statid, statown);

DBMS_STATS.DROP_STAT_TABLE
Drops a user statistics table.
Call syntax
dbms_stats.drop_stat_table(ownname, stattab);
e.g.: dropping my stat table.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.drop_stat_table(ownname => 'SCOTT', stattab => 'STAT_AT_5PC');

DML MONITORING
Used to automate the updating of statistics as tables are updated. When enabled for a table, Oracle monitors the DML changes (including truncates) being done on the table and maintains the details in the SGA. After time SMON wakes up and post the information in the dictionary. In Oracle 9i, this time is 15 minutes. In 8i it is 3 hours. Enable with Alter table, Create table or DBMS_STATS.
106

DML MONITORING (cont.)
SQL> alter table EMP monitoring;

SQL> select monitoring from dba_tables where table_name = EMP'; MON --YES
e.g.: Monitoring option for table EMP. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(SCOTT', EMP')
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Statistics on tables that had > 10% modifications can be seen in the DBA_TAB_MODIFICATIONS view.
SQL> select * from dba_tab_modifications; no rows selected --DML activities were carried on the table. SQL> select table_owner, table_name, inserts, updates, deletes, timestamp, truncated from dba_tab_modifications;

TABLE_OWNER TABLE_NAME INSERTS UPDATES DELETES TIMESTAMP TRU ----------- ---------- ------- ------- ------- --------- --SCOTT EMP 1028577 0 19999 19-SEP-03 NO
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats (ownname => SCOTT', options => 'GATHER STALE'); SQL> select * from dba_tab_modifications;
no rows selected
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No known SGA issues when using montoring.

Does not result in performance issues.
Use on tables that are being changed significantly and optimizer results fluctuate significantly.
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HINTS
Clues or directives that will assist the optimizer in choosing an execution plan.
Guide the Optimizer to do things in a certain way--the way we would like a statement to run. Not orders but directives to the optimizer.
Provided in comment form /*+ <hint> */ --+ <hint>

111

HINTS (cont.)
Multiple hints can be provided in a single comment for a statement, each separated with spaces.
Meant for DML statements. Are not case sensitive. If a wrong or invalid hint is provided, the optimizer ignores it and continues with the execution of the statement. The optimizer will not notify the user about such hints.
112

HINTS (cont.)
Hints are CBO features. Using them in RBO setup will force the queries to run in cost mode. The exception to this is the RULE hint that invokes the RBO for executing a statement. Hints can be used to influence the mode of the optimizer, the access path, the join order, the join method used etc..
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HINTS (cont.)
SQL statements that are executed directly may behave differently when executed from within PL/SQL. Make use of hints in such cases to achieve the required results. Table hints can be provided with the table name. . If an alias name is provided, use it instead of the table name.
Avoid the use of schema name along with the table name in hints, even if they appear in the FROM clause. Using aliases is a safe bet.
114

HINTS (cont.)
As stated by Oracle Documentation, the use of hints involves extra code that must be managed, checked and controlled. Use hints to tame queries that execute with sub-optimal execution plans, but take care to provide the right access paths.
Here is a list of the most widely used hints: ALL_ROWS : for good throughput and resource utilization. FIRST_ROWS : for good response time. RULE : Use rule-based optimization rather than cost. CHOOSE : Decide on rule or cost optimization based on the existence of statistics.

HINTS (cont.)
FULL : for doing a full table scan on the table. HASH : hash scan, applies only for clustered tables (do not confuse with HASH join). ROWID : table scan by rowid. CLUSTER : cluster scan, applies only for clustered tables. INDEX : index scan, specify the table and the index name. INDEX_ASC : for range scan, scan index in ascending order of values. INDEX_DESC : for range scan, scan index in descending order of values. INDEX_JOIN : use index join as an access path. Two indexes could be joined to return the required values.

HINTS (cont.)
INDEX_FFS : perform a fast full scan on the index rather than on the table. NO_INDEX : avoid the use of the specified index or all indexes. INDEX_COMBINE : explicitly choose a bitmap access path, make use of bitmap indexes. ORDERED : access and join tables in the order mentioned in the FROM clause, left to right.
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HINTS (cont.)
USE_NL : use Nested Loop for joining tables. USE_HASH : use Hash joins. USE_MERGE : use Sort-Merge joins. The optimizer hints ALL_ROWS, FIRST_ROWS, RULE and CHOOSE affect the Optimizer mode for executing the query, irrespective of what is set at session level. The RULE Hint causes the Optimizer to use rule based optimization to choose the execution path. This is an instant solution for queries that ran perfectly in RBO but have slowed down in CBO.

HINTS examples
e.g.: improving a queries response time. select /*+ first_rows */ trx_value from jnc_rtl_sales_iface_hdr where trx_no = 1211;
e.g.: Full table scan directive. select /*+ full(a) */ a.shop_no, a.subinventory_code, b.item_code from jnc_shop_mapping a, jnc_rtl_sales_iface_hdr b where b.shop_no = a.shop_no;
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Statistics for SYS schema.
One issue that has always been in doubts is whether to generate statistics for SYS schema. Generating statistics for dictionary tables owned by SYS is not recommended in Oracle 8i. The dictionary views that reference the SYS tables execute efficiently with the Rule Based Optimizer.
You may generate statistics in Oracle 9i but you will have to evaluate this option for your setup. As per a note I came across, Oracle does not perform any regression testing with dictionaries analyzed and there may be a possibility of performance issues. Oracle 10 and above would require statistic generation for SYS schema as RBO will be desupported.

Statistics for SYS schema (cont.)
Ways to deal with SYS related queries

Run your setup in CHOOSE mode. Generate statistics for application specific schemas. Avoid doing so for SYS schema. This way, RBO will be used when accessing the dictionary and CBO when your application runs. The only catch is that CBO will resort to ALL_ROWS and that may cause issues in OLTP systems. Setting the initialization parameters appropriately and extensive use of hints for application queries will stabilize the system in due course.

Statistics for SYS schema (cont.)
Ways to deal with SYS related queries (cont.)

Run your setup in ALL_ROWS or FIRST_ROWS mode. Generate statistics for application specific schemas. Avoid doing so for SYS schema. Make extensive use of RULE hints for dictionary queries that are slow. This way, Dictionary related queries will still be on RBO and the application can run on CBO.
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How to get execution plans in CBO?
Same as RBO.
Use sqltrace with TKPROF.
Use Explain Plan. Two scripts, UTLXPLS.SQL (serial) and UTLXPLP.SQL (parallel executions), are provided by oracle to show the formatted execution plans.
Use autotrace. Set timing on.

PLAN STABILITY - most useful when you cannot risk performance changes - preserves execution plans in stored outlines - the optimizer generates equivalent execution plans from the stored outlines. - facilitates migration from rule to cost based optimization when you upgrade.
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PLAN STABILITY - will use hints - needs exact text matching - degradation can occur if datatypes change - contrary to CBO. - uses system table OL$ and OL$HINTS - outlines are retained indefinetly
125

CREATING STORED OUTLINES
- INITORA parameter CREATE_STORED_OUTLINE = TRUE - schema needs CREATE ANY OUTLINE privilege.
- see the CREATE OUTLINE statement in the ORACLE9i SQL Reference.
126

USING STORED OUTLINES - set system parameter USED_STORED_OUTLINES to TRUE or to a category. If set to TRUE then Oracle uses the DEFAULT category. If a category is listed then Oracle uses that category until you set the category to another name or set USED_STORED_OUTLINES to FALSE. - there is an OUTLN_PKG for managing stored outlines and their categories, see Oracle9i Supplied PL/SQL Packages Ref.

VIEWING STORED OUTLINES - select outline_category from v$sql where sql_text like your sql text%; - select name, sql_text from user_outlines where category = yourcategory;
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WHEW!!!
As you can see CBO will bring many changes.

Start now so your ready for 10g. Use the phase approach. Set optimizer_mode to CHOOSE and convert a few modules at a time.
Lastly, if you need help, contact me.

Questions? THANK YOU!

Jim Gillespie - Cbo

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The Dos and Donts of CBO

ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

To utilized the fewest resources. CPU I/O Memory Network operations

ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

Block sampling is an option usually for huge tables.

The Dos and Donts of CBO

Test using different sample sizes. More on this later.

The DBA_ views show the statistics used by the optimizer.

ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

Statistics for individual partitions of a table can be seen from DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS.

The Dos and Donts of CBO

LAST_ANALYZED - Date when the table was last analyzed.

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

The Dos and Donts of CBO

As of 9i, FIRST_ROWS_n can be used.

The Dos and Donts of CBO

ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

The Dos and Donts of CBO

ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

The Dos and Donts of CBO

ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

Default is current release. Static.

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The Dos and Donts of CBO

Default is 80000 in Oracle 8, in Oracle 9i it is defaulted to 2000. Dynamic.

The Dos and Donts of CBO

COMPATIBLE Used to provide backward compatibility with earlier releases.

Default is current release. Static.

The Dos and Donts of CBO

If set to false, hash joins will not be considered by the Optimizer.

ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

Default is 1 in 9.2 and above, 0 if below. Dynamic.

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO

ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

The Dos and Donts of CBO

ORAMAIN Consulting Services, LLC

The Dos and Donts of CBO

The Dos and Donts of CBO